Women in Policing Essay Example

Women in Policing Essay Example Women in Policing Essay Women in Policing Essay This research originates with a question or problem: Women police officers experience disparate treatment. The research will address and identify the social causes and effects of how the occurrence of disparate treatment of women officers correlates with discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. The goal of this research Is articulated as: It Is a goal of society for law enforcement agencies to represent the communities they serve. In order to achieve this goal, it is important for law enforcement agencies to identify and address the adverse affects of disparate treatment of women in law enforcement. Research on the problem of aspirate treatment of women officers in law enforcement follows a specific plan. The research begins with problem formation and a topic outline. The research design is explained in the introduction thesis and the outline defines the research question. The research divides the problem into sub-problems. A cause and effect analysis was chosen to Identify the social causes and effects of how the occurrence of disparate treatment of women officers correlates with the subtopics of discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. Research objectives were guided by the cause and effect analysis of the problem by utilizing the analysis to formulate research question and hypothesis. The research objectives were guided by a literature review. A hypothesis is advanced about what is expected to happen in the research. The research is designed to look at the relationship between disparate treatment of women police officers and discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. This research Is designed to assess the hypothesis, Women police officers experience disparate treatment. This research accepts certain critical assumptions. The 1 org research Is millennial Decease AT ten vitality AT ten assumptions. I en statement AT assumptions as the foundation of the research is as follows, This research is designed to assess the hypothesis that women police officers experience disparate treatment. To understand the implications of these critical assumptions for theory and research, experiences and attitudes of sample groups of male and women officers were explored. A method and content analysis of survey data revealed conclusions which supported the hypothesis. Implications of the research of disparate treatment of women police officers will be discussed in the report findings and discussion. This discussion incorporates other researchers views with a dialogue of how the literature review relates to the research being conducted. The research methodology will conceptualize the disparate treatment of women officers in law enforcement. Specific research procedures, such as survey questions, were developed which resulted in empirical observations representing those concepts in the real world. The literature review provides a detailed identification of the overall relevance to existing research as it relates to empirical research of the adverse affects associated tit disparate treatment of women officers in law enforcement. The harms of under representation of women in policing include discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits, retention problems, damaged community relations, ineffective response to violence against women, and the excessive force complaints that accompany a void of women in policing. In order to discuss the current status of women in law enforcement, it is important to review the history of women in the profession. Law enforcement has traditionally been a male dominated field ever since the mid-19th century and has been slow to accept women into its ranks. Women in policing make up less than 15 percent of all police officers in the United States (Harrington 2001). Women face many obstacles, and yet have brought about changes in policing. The Jobs available to policewomen were limited until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, (Essen 1999). In the early sasss, law enforcement agencies only hired men as police officers. This was a result of societys view that women were not fit to be police officers (Harrington and Lindsay 2006). In 1971 women accounted for only 1. 4 percent of all police officers. Today women in policing make up more than 13 recent of police officers. Women have made progress in their numbers in recent years but women are still underrepresented in all ranks in policing and women face many obstacles. The Supreme Court applied Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to law enforcement in 1972. Agencies could be sued for discriminating against qualified women. In some cases, the courts issued consent decrees which forced agencies to hire qualified women. Many law enforcement agencies used height and weight limits to prevent women from meeting the qualifications until the courts struck down this practice in 1977 in Dotard vs.. Rawlins. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (CAP) conducted a survey and found that women in policing are both underused and undervalued in law enforcement. While they said that the number of women in policing is growing and progressing through the ranks, it also revealed that there are too few women in law enforcement, woman police officers still face Elocutionary tattletales Trot male emcees, police agencies lack strategies Tort recruiting women, woman police officers face advancement limits, sexual harassment still occurs in many departments, there are few mentoring programs for female officers and women make valuable contributions to community policing.

Spanish Prepositional Pronouns

Spanish Prepositional Pronouns The easy part about learning the grammar of pronouns in Spanish is that they follow a structure similar to the pronouns of English, serving as subjects as well as objects of verbs and prepositions. The tricky part, at least for people whose first language is English, is remembering which pronouns to use. While English uses the same pronouns as objects of prepositions and for direct and indirect objects of verbs, Spanish has a different set of pronouns for each usage, and those sets overlap. The subject pronouns and prepositional pronouns are identical except in the first-person singular and familiar second-person singular forms. How To Use Prepositional Pronouns As you can probably guess, prepositional pronouns are those that come after prepositions. In a sentence such as Tengo una sorpresa para ella (I have a surprise for her), para (for) is the preposition and ella (her) is the prepositional pronoun. Here are the prepositional pronouns of Spanish along with examples of their usage: mà ­ (first-person singular, equivalent of me): El regalo es para mà ­. (The gift is for me.)ti (informal second-person singular, equivalent of you; note that there is no written accent on this pronoun): El regalo es para ti. (The gift is for you.)usted (formal second-person singular, equivalent of you): El regalo es para usted. (The gift is for you.)à ©l (third-person masculine singular, equivalent of him or it): El regalo es para à ©l. (The gift is for him.)  Miro debajo à ©l.  (I am looking under it.)ella (third-person feminine singular, equivalent of her or it): El regalo es para ella. (The gift is for her.)  Miro debajo ella.  (I am looking under it.)nosotros, nosotras (first-person plural, equivalent of us): El regalo es para nosotros. (The gift is for us.)vosotros, vosotras (second-person informal plural, equivalent of you): El regalo es para vosotros. (The gift is for you.)ustedes (second-person formal plural, equivalent of you): El regalo es para ustedes.  (Th e gift is for you.) ellos, ellas (third-person plural, equivalent of them): El regalo es para ellos. (The gift is for them.) Sà ­ as a Pronoun There is also another prepositional object that is occasionally used. Sà ­ is used to mean himself, herself, the formal yourself, the formal yourselves, or themselves as the object of a preposition. For example, à ©l compra el regalo para sà ­, he is buying the gift for himself. One reason you dont see this usage often is since the meaning is usually expressed using the reflexive form of the verb: Se compra un regalo, he is buying himself a gift. Pronouns for It Either à ©l or ella can mean it as the object of a preposition, although as a subject there is no Spanish word used for it. The word used depends on the gender of the noun it replaces, with à ©l being used for masculine nouns and ella being used for feminine nouns.  ¿Dà ³nde est la mesa? Necesito mirar debajo ella. (Where is the table? I need to look under it.) ¿Dà ³nde est el carro? Necesito mirar debajo à ©l.  (Where is the car? I need to look under it.) Similarly, ellos and ellas, when used as a preposition pronoun meaning them, can be used to represent things as well as people. Use ellos when referring to nouns that are masculine, ellas for feminine nouns. Ellos also is used when referring to a group that includes both masculine and feminine nouhs. Contigo and Conmigo Instead of saying con mà ­ and con ti, use conmigo and contigo. Él va conmigo.  (He is going with me.)  Ella va contigo.  (She is going with you.) You also should use consigo instead of con sà ­, although this word isnt very common. Él habla consigo. (He  talks with himself.) Exceptions: Prepositions Followed by Subject Pronouns Finally, note that yo and tà º are used with the following six prepositions instead of with mà ­ and ti, respectively: entre (between)excepto (usually translated as except)incluso (including or even)menos (except)salvo (except)segà ºn (according to) Also, hasta is used with the subject pronouns when it is used in the same way as incluso. Examples: Es la diferencia entre tà º y yo. (Its the difference between you and me.)Muchas personas incluso/hasta yo creen en las hadas. (Many people including me believe in fairies.)Todos excepto/menos/salvo tà º creen en las hadas. (Everybody except you believes in fairies.)Es la verdad segà ºn yo. (Its the truth according to me.)

The promotion of diversity in mental healthcare Essay

The promotion of diversity in mental healthcare - Essay Example The prevalence of mental or substance use disorder in the United States is proximately 30% and only one-third of these individuals are currently receiving treatment establishing these we can see how fundamental is developing of mental health. According to WHO it is reported that some 450 million people worldwide are affected by mental health problems; neurologic or behavior problems that arise in any moment and 873,000 people die by suicide every year, which is enormous number. One in four patients visiting a health services has at least a mental, neurological, or behavior disorder, but frequently are neither diagnosed nor treated. Most low and middle income countries devote less than one precent of their already -paltry health expenditure to mental health, so little attention is dedicated to mental health and its developing in these countries. Because we all have mental health needs and we can all benefit from metal health promotion, which works to strength our capacity for positive mental health, wherever we have mental problem established. Also mental health promotion can help reduce factors that are damaging mental health such as social support, anti-poverty strategies or by tackling racism. Companionship, meaningful occupation, and opportunities to participate and contribute do protect mental health. Mental health promotion is essentially concerned with: how individuals, families, organizations and communities think and feel, then the factors which influence how we think and feel, individually and collectively and the impact that this has on overall health and well being. Mental health promotion can take place with individuals, communities or at policy or structural level and is relevant to the whole population as well as vulnerable groups and people at risk of or currently experiencing mental health problems. Many pe ople turn to religion when are in emotional crises and there is some evidence that religious involvement protects mental well being and may help people with mental health problems. Faith communities can provide a spiritual resource and a place of belonging which help to counter the impact of prejudice, inequalities, loneliness or isolation. For example, the worshipping, witnessing and caring life of the church contributes something to good mental health since it brings people in touch with Jesus the great healer. In many ways I consider, faith communities are ideally placed to promote the mental health of all their members. The promotion of mental health is situated within the largest field of health promotion and sits alongside the prevention of mental disorder and the treatment and rehabilitation of people with mental illness and disabilities. Mental health promotion involves actions that support people to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyle and which create supportive living conditions or environmental for health, whose goal is preventing metal illness or mental disorder. Important segment are public health policy, including strategies for continued growth and practice implantation and not estimating the international cooperation and alliances for achieving effectiveness of intervention. Mental health and illness are determined by multiple factors and interaction by social, psychological and biological factors, such as

Importing US food Risk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Importing US food Risk - Research Paper Example In 2008, there were some reported cases where cats and dogs were stricken by tainted pet food while people died from contaminations in certain drugs. In both incidents, the ingredients were found to have been imported from China (In Curtis, 2013).   In response to this, the Public Health Security through the Bioterrorism act directs the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to take additional measures to protect the public from all terrorist attacks on food supply and all other food related emergencies. FDA is the food regulatory agency of the department of Health and Human Services and has the mandate to receive prior notification of food that is imported, including animal feed, in the United States. Prior notice of import shipments give chance to the FDA, through the support of the U.S Custom and Border Protection to focus on import inspections with much effectiveness and help protect the state’s food supply against acts of terror and all other public health emergencies. The FDA food safety act was signed in 2011 with aims to ensure that the U.S food supply is safe by directing the focus of the federal regulations from taking action on contamination to prevent it (Kastner, 2011).   The FDA signed a regulation that required all persons to submit prior notices of imported food. Close to fifty million people get sick while three thousand die each year from food borne diseases. This is according to a data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This was mentioned as a public health burden which is largely preventable. The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act enables the FDA to strengthen the systems of food safety by giving them new authorities and tools to make all new imported foods meet the same safety standards as those produced in the U.S. However, building a new system of food safety beside on prevention would take time. FDA focuses on implementing the safety acts with open grounds for all stakeholders to give their contribution. T he FDA has therefore some laid down responsibilities and authorities which are aimed at improving food safety in the United States. The FDA’s new import mandates and authorities include the following (Hinkelman and Ebrary, 2004); Import accountability. During the first time, the importers have an explicit mandate to verify that their suppliers have sufficient preventive controls to make sure that the food they produce is safe. Third party certification: The FDA Food Safety Modernization (FSMA) initiates program through which third parties can verify that foreign food capacities comply with the U.S food safety standards. The certification is very significant in facilitating the entry of imports (Zaring et al., 2009). Cortication for high risk foods: as a condition of entry into America, FDA can authorize that the high-risk imported foods be accompanied by a trustworthy third party certification or with an assurance of compliance. Voluntary qualified importer program: a volunta ry program must be established for the importers. This would provide for the expedited entry and review of foods from importers. Entitlement is limited to importers who offer food from certified facilities. Authority to deny entry: foods from a foreign facility can be denied entry into the U.S by FDA. FDA has also a

Mississippi Burning Essay Example for Free

Mississippi Burning Essay Burning is a movie about racial hate and bigotry. How has the director Alan Parker presented the genre through the use of Camera, Music and other techniques? Racial hate has been one of the biggest issues in society over the past 100 years. Film has traditionally been considered a very effective medium in presenting a message about this. Mississippi Burning is a heart wrenching film based on racial hate and bigotry. Alan Parker is the director of the film and has incorporated many techniques such as, camera angles and lighting, costume and language and sound. All of these techniques are to suit particular scenes in the film and or to highlight certain attributes. Alan Parker provides a theme and or message with in his film, and his techniques used without help to provide the message and or theme he wishes to portray. Camera Angles and Lighting are highly influenced in the film as they help symbolise certain objects and highlight hidden meanings. SCENE displays this as once the FBI men have had the fright of their life they spot something outside, to then see it is a burning cross. At this point the cross is burning bright and the environment around is dull, almost not there. This is highlighting the fact that at this point of time the police are winning and their ways are brighter and better then there’s. This proves that the police believe that treating black people like dogs is okay. Throughout the film there are dramatic camera angles, the best one that highlights the whole movie is the opening scene, where we are looking directly at a white mans’ drinking fountain and a black mans’ drinking fountain, the differences in the fountains show that black men have no rights and white men have too many. Alan Parker uses language and costume to highlight certain characters and their actions. Language being a strong point throughout the film, Alan highlights the fact that the police for example are pig headed by the way they speak. They have a lot of slag and a lot of attitude. Alan highlights the fact that the black people have a voice as when they do speak, they are polite and confident. The way the characters all dress reflects them too, as Alan tries to portray a message that the black people cannot afford not only nice clothes but a better life, that the white men can afford to dress nice but cannot afford a nice attitude. Sound is used to help maintain a scene, to help make it more dramatic, to make you more excited, to prove a point or make you sadder. Sound helps portray messages in such a way that words cant. Mississippi Burning without fail reaches to enhance these points as the film carries out many strong ‘sound’ points. SCENE when the three civil right men are found, the funeral is withheld and a black woman with a strong voice take the scene as she evokes the point that the two white boys were not allowed to be buried near the black boy and not only she, but the whole black culture has had enough of being treated like dirt. This scene shows a rise up, a community of black people standing together for the last time as dirt and rising up together as strong-willed people. Mississippi Burning uses a wide range of techniques to provoke messages being hidden throughout the film. Racial hate and bigotry are constantly highlighted behind mixed messages and a hidden meaning as Alan Parker allows a viewer to withhold their own opinion on not just the film, but racism itself.

computer Fields :: essays research papers

Duaane B. Carrington Jr.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Cattell Rough Draft  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11/7/01 Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For my term paper the field I chose was computers. I chose this field because I love computers and it s a field on the rise. When doing my research about computers, I tried to stay focused on a few different types of fields. I did this because I thought that doing every different type of field would not help me chose the right field for me. Computers is such a big field that it was almost no problem picking a couple of computer fields to talk about in my term paper. Preparation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When doing some research I found out some ways to prepare yourself for the field of computers. First you should have good study habits and take a lot of notes during class. It would help you if you had a laptop so you can do some of your work in your dormitory instead of using the computer lab on the school campus (Cobb, interview). If you know nothing about the field that you are doing, then you should narrow down your classes, and take a side class that will help you prepare for your field. Since there are so many mathematic problems dealing with computers you should be well rounded with math in high school (Cobb, interview). If you are not good with math, then you should try to do anything possible to try and improve your math capabilities. Opportunities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many opportunities with the field of computers. A lot of jobs are offered to college students during their time in college. Some jobs offer the student so much money that they could live off of that if they were to leave college at that moment in time ( ex.35,000). Some job offers in different fields of computers are vast, but some are very hard make it in. You should pick a field that nobody really knows about make sure it has good pay. General   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found out that having someone who majored or knows something in the field of computers that you are in, you will need them if you have to ask them a question about something in your field that you can’t answer. There is a high demand for computer experts in certain fields, because a big or small corporation might need someone in that area to help them become successful (Cobb, interview). There is a lot of programming in computers.

Describe the Type of Business, Its Purpose and Ownership

Describe the type of business, purpose and ownership of two contrasting businesses. I will be speaking about two organisations the first organisation I have decided to discuss is ASDA and I will follow it of by McDonald's as the second organisation. Asda is a Public company and is a British supermarket chain which supplies various services to the customers such as: Clothing, Food, and General Merchandise etc. It has become a multi-national store leading of its subsidiary of Wal-Mart which is American based. It is quite a large business and has approx 231+ superstores within the UK, and the number of store openings is still arising.The purpose of ASDA is to sell its services and goods to the local consumers of different areas/cities within the UK and also out of the UK. It offers a wide range of services to its customers, supplying goods such as: clothing and food it is a quite a commonly known organisation. Asda is concerned in attracting the budget market as any other business would look into the same type of aim, as a business it is achieving massively in result to the number of stores and the investment into Netto which was brought by Asda in 2010.The ownership of Asda is a PLC (Public Limited Company) this is because its shares can be brought on the share market making it a PLC. The purpose of Asda is that they exist to gain profit, the openings of more stores is to gain sales and so that more customers come into their business etc. As my second organisation I have decided to discuss about McDonalds, it is the world’s largest chain of fast food restaurant. The business began in 1940 the Headquarters are based in the United States and the corporation was founded by a businessman.In 2003 the company had launched the â€Å"I’m Lovin It† campaign. The purpose of the business is to serve its customers with the excellent quality of food that they provide. It is a worldwide company and has over 33,000 stores in approx 118 different countries, and serves about 64 million daily. The number of worldwide employees for McDonalds is 1. 7 million, and the chief executive director for McDonald’s is Jim Skinner.

Supply and Demand Paper

Supply and Demand Paper Sandra Mendoza XECO/212 November 18, 2012 Linda LaCoste Supply and Demand 1 I have had the experience of purchasing a few different items that are listed as choices to choose from, but I choose to go with my most recent purchase, my college education. My college education has been one of the most important decisions I have made.I knew that I had to take this decision seriously and not just jump into it without all the information I needed since this was going to be a long term commitment financially. Understanding the pros of getting my college education with a degree in business management out weighted any con that I could come up with. Since I was graduated from Tehachapi high school the demand for a college degree has increase. Both my mother and father never attended college and both were very successful people in the careers they choose.My father owned his own electrical business and my mother was the lead accountant at the California department of corre ctions. A collage education or degree was not as sought after to have a good job or career as it is today. My father started his own business at the age of 25 years old and has learned many successful skills through his years to be a successful business owner. Today many businesses are requiring a degree to work for them. The company that I currently am working for requires a degree to move up with in the company.You can start working for them at the bottom of the totem poll, but in order to advance and make more money they want the employees to have a degree. They are even willing to pay for part of your tuition as long as you pass the classes with at least a C average. The tuition reburcment played a big role in making the decision to go to college. Although I have a few years of experience in management, in order for me to move up, have more job security and a better knowledge of the type of management I am doing, I knew I needed to take the leap.I know that earning this degree; will provide me with more opportunities with my company. Supply and Demand 2 There are many factors when concerning the supply and demand that can cause changes to consumers going to college. The main factors that could cause changes are the consumer’s income levels and the employer’s expectations of having a college degree. If consumers can’t afford to pay for a college education, than they are more likely to wait and settle for any job that can help them meet their bare requirements to pay their bills.The second factor is if employers do not require for their employees to have a degree or college education. If employers were not requiring these standards, more consumers will not be willing to pay the extra expense for something they are not required to have. Consumers are not willing to pay an expense for something that is not going to help them secure a job or advancement with a company. There are a few substitutes for consumers not wanting to pay for a colle ge education.One of these would be for the consumer to become an intern for a particular place. This would allow the individual to test drive the career before they start investing time and money into college, and they will get on – the – job training. This could give individuals a taste of a particular job field to determine if it would be worth the investment for them. Vocational trainings can be offered locally and through other larger organizations free of charge. These trainings can be very rewarding experiences for consumers.AmeriCorps and Peace Corps have volunteer opportunities lasting anywhere from 10-27 months that provide small living stipend as well as healthcare and childcare benefits. Some may even qualify for educational awards for future college expenses. References http://www. investopedia. com/financial-edge/0611/6-alternatives-to-going-to-college. aspx#axzz2CcogXWBG) www. nytimes. com – Burden of College Loans on Graduates Grows By Tamar Lewin Published: April 11, 2011 http://www. investopedia. com/financial-edge/0611/6-alternatives-to-going-to-col

3 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists

3 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists 3 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists 3 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists By Mark Nichol Whether items are listed in line (within a sentence) or vertically, the syntactical structure of the items should be consistent. In the following three examples, discussion and revision illustrate this point. First Example 1. Integrity to the Discipline 2. Constructive Board Engagement 3. Effective Risk Positioning 4. Establish a Learning Culture 5. Set Appropriate Incentives In this list of topics, the first three are written as phrases, while the last two are imperative sentences (meaning that they tell the reader to do something). Every item should follow the same organization, one way or the other: Option 1: Phrases 1. Integrity to the Discipline 2. Constructive Board Engagement 3. Effective Risk Positioning 4. Establishment of a Learning Culture 5. Setting of Appropriate Incentives Option 2: Imperative Sentences 1. Bring Integrity to the Discipline 2. Enable Constructive Board Engagement 3. Promote Effective Risk Positioning 4. Establish a Learning Culture 5. Set Appropriate Incentives Second Example 1. Appearances are everything. 2. Tell the story. 3. Keep it short. 4. Speak with authority. 5. Respond directly to questions. 6. Be a team player. In this set of statements, all items are complete sentences, but the first one is a declarative statement (one that states a fact or idea). The easiest solution here is to alter the outlier (though in certain cases it may be more appropriate, or otherwise preferable, to retain the syntactical structure of the minority item(s) in a list): 1. Remember that appearances are everything. 2. Tell the story. 3. Keep it short. 4. Speak with authority. 5. Respond directly to questions. 6. Be a team player. Third Example Management complexity is significantly reduced. Tool sprawl eliminated. Scalable, resilient infrastructure. Each of the three items in this list is different; the first is a declarative statement, the second is also declarative but, as is sometimes done in lists, it has (unlike the previous item) been truncated by omission of a helping verb, and the third item is simply a phrase. Again, unless there is a good reason for structuring list items to match the exception or exceptions, go with the majority: Management complexity is significantly reduced. Tool sprawl is eliminated. Infrastructure is scalable and resilient. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowAcronym vs. InitialismPractice or Practise?

Timeline of the Persian Wars 492-449

Timeline of the Persian Wars 492-449 The Persian Wars (sometimes known as the Greco-Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, beginning in 502 BCE and running some 50 years, until 449 BCE. The seeds for the wars was planted in 547 BCE when the Persian emperor, Cyrus the Great, conquered  Greek Ionia. Before this, the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire,  centered in what is now modern-day Iran, had maintained an uneasy coexistence, but this expansion by the Persians would eventually lead to war.   Timeline and Summary of the Persian Wars 502 BCE,  Naxos: An unsuccessful attack by the Persians on the large island of Naxos, midway between Crete and the current Greek mainland,  paved the way to revolts by Ionian settlements occupied by the Persians in Asia Minor. The Persian Empire had gradually expanded to occupy Greek settlements in Asia Minor, and the success of Naxos at repelling the Persians encouraged the Greek settlements to consider rebellion.  c. 500 BCE, Asia Minor: The first revolts by Green Ionian regions of Asia Minor began, in reaction to oppressive tyrants appointed by the Persians to oversee the territories.  498 BCE, Sardis:  Ã‚  Persians, led by Aristagoras with Athenian and Eritrean allies, occupied Sardis, located along what is now the western coast of Turkey. The city was burned, and the Greeks met and were defeated by a Persian force. This was the end of the Athenian involvement in the Ionian  revolts.492 BCE, Naxos: When the Persians invaded, the inhabitants of the island fled. The Per sians burned settlements, but the nearby island of Delos was spared. This marked the first invasion of Greece by the Persians, led by Mardonius. 490 BCE, Marathon: The first Persian invasion of Greece ended with Athens decisive victory over the Persians at Marathon, in the Attica region, north of Athens.  480 BCE, Thermopylae, Salamis: Led by Xerxes, the Persians in their second invasion of Greece defeated the combined Greek forces at the Battle of Thermopylae. Athens soon falls, and the Persians overrun most of Greece. However, at the Battle of Salamis, a large island west of Athens, the combined Greek navy decisively beat the Persians. Xerxes retreated to Asia.  479 BCE, Plataea:  Persians retreating from their loss at Salamis encamped at Plataea, a small town northwest of Athens, where combined Greek forces badly defeated the Persian army, led by Mardonius. This defeat effectively ended the second Persian invasion. Later that year, combined Greek forces went on the offensive to expel Persian forces from Ionian settlements in Sestos and Byzantium.  478 BCE, Delian League: A joint effort of Greek city-states, the Del ian League formed to combine efforts against the Persians. When Spartas actions alienated many of the Greek city-states, they united under the leadership of Athens, thereby beginning what many historians view as the start of the Athenian Empire. Systematic expulsion of the Persians from settlements in Asia now began, continuing for 20 years.   476 to 475 BCE, Eion: Athenian general Cimon captured this important Persian stronghold, where Persian armies stored huge stores of supplies. Eion was located west of the island of Thasos and south of what is now the border of Bulgaria, at the mouth of the Strymon River.  468 BCE, Caria: General Cimon freed the coastal towns of Caria from the Persians in a series of land and sea battles. Southern Aisa Minor from Cari to Pamphylia (the region of what is now Turkey between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean) soon became part of the Athenian Federation.  456 BCE, Prosopitis: To support a local Egyptian rebellion in the Nile River Delta, Greek forces were besieged by remaining Persian forces and were badly defeated. This marked the beginning of the end of Delian League expansionism under Athenian leadership  449 BCE, Peace of Callias: Persia and Athens signed a peace treaty, although, to all intents and purposes, hostilities had ended several years earlier. Soon, Athens would find itself in the middle of the Peloponnesian Wars as Sparta, and other city-states rebelled against Athenian supremacy.

Reading and researching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reading and researching - Essay Example In addition, a literature review intends to illustrate, sum up, review, elaborate and/ or incorporate the substance of primary accounts (Crano, 2002). The review of related or relevant literature is almost at all times a standard chapter of a research proposal and a full-blown dissertation. The review outlines an essential chapter in a research thesis where its objective is to present the setting or backdrop to and rationale for the research embarked on. Furthermore, the objective of a literature review is to demonstrate to the reader that the researcher have actually read, and have a good understanding of, the key available scholarly literature concerning a specific subject matter or issue in his/her discipline. This work could be in layout, integrating online references or sources. It could be a project taken apart, or one of the preliminary portions of a thesis, report or a dissertation. Nevertheless, in research proposals and dissertations in particular, the review will be directed by particular research objectives of by the subject matter or argument that a researcher will be discussing and will present the structure for further work (Fairclough, 2003). On the other hand, aside from outlining a clear-cut review of related literature, social research also relies on three paradigmatic approaches, namely, positivism, interpretivism and critical approach, in defining the processes and disposition of a research proposal or dissertation. Primarily, the principle which states that all knowledge originates from positive data or information from observable facts or phenomenon is the territory of positivism; the origins of positivism rest specifically with empiricism, which operates merely with observable details, believing that further than this is the dimension of exactness of mathematics and logic (Bryman, 1992). On the other hand, the interpretivism paradigm of social research is a strategy founded on

Are human conceptions of God overly anthropomorphic (in the same way Essay

Are human conceptions of God overly anthropomorphic (in the same way that those of the spiders are overly arachnimorphic) - Essay Example This therefore confirms the truth that human conceptions or the true idea of God must be anthropomorphic in nature meaning that the Deity possesses man-like character and norm. Even though it is difficult to prove that man was made in the image of God, it is not in doubt that all men are made in the image of God. All experiences therefore come from God including the human experience, and in that sense anthropomorphic. The substance of the philosophical and theological theories is that man has the conception of God as anthropomorphic as it is embedded in almost all the scriptures of the different religions like Christianity and Judaism amongst others. Hume’ Dialogues brings about different conceptions of God as anthropomorphic through the ranking of four causal principles namely reason, instinct, generation, and vegetation (O’Connor 127; Hume and Richard 46). For instance, Philo argues that the universe resembles an organism and is likely to have originated by generation from matter by stating, â€Å"The universe bears a greater likeness to an animal or vegetable than human works. The cause must therefore be similar. The cause of order in animals and vegetables is reproduction. The universe therefore originated by reproduction rather than design.† (Hume 131). Cleanthes supports the anthropomorphic conception of God along the lines of the Design Argument as he feels it is the only philosophical argument that gives an insight about the true nature and existence of God (Hume and Dorothy 22). Both Demea and Philo feel that it is difficult to understand the real God but Cleanthes uses the Argument Design to describe how humans view God as anthropomorphic. Cleanthes states, â€Å"The existence and nature of God is known by the Argument from design: 1. Premise: The world is adjusted and fine-tuned, 2. Premise: The adjustment of the world resembles exactly, though it