The Soviet Union And Czechoslovakia Essay - 1679 Words

The Benevolence of State Socialism and the Brutality of Its Application in the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia The promises of state socialism and with it Communism were nothing short of fantasy turned reality for the deeply impoverished working classes of the Russian empire at the beginning of the twentieth century. The uneducated and desperate people of the Russian empire were eager to believe in a social and political system that promised to finally deliver them from the crushing burdens placed on them by the aristocrats, capitalism and the class system. Unfortunately for them the reality of these new systems would be far from the promised utopian society of continuous prosperity and absolute equality. There would not be the freedom from the class system as promised by Communist propaganda instead in its place would be a less obtrusive and more industrialized version the class system that had existed before. Everyone would not share evenly the prosperity and wealth as promised either, instead those who were controlling the government would reap the greater rewards such as choice of living arrangements and top pick of academic endeavors. Those who had seized the government in the interest of the working class would not completely fulfil their promise to educate their working-class comrades to a level sufficient to take control of the government. Vladimir Lenin’s views on Communism and the process necessary for achieving state socialism would be the first attempts thatShow MoreRelatedThe Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia The world political conversation today is the state of affairs in the Ukraine with protester in recent months protesting for a more pro-western European influence of government. Since the Ukraine has been in an economic crisis in the last few years, the current President Viktor F. Yanukovich decided to take an aid package from the Russian’s. This acceptance of the Russian aid package infuriated many in the Ukraine and has stifled the government withRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Peaceful Revolution During Czechoslovakia From Economic And Political Weekly, A Social Science Fiction Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesIn an article titled â€Å"Peaceful Revolution in Czechoslovakia† from Economic and Political Weekly, a social science journal created in India in 1949 that covers international topics, the beginnings of the Prague Spring were told as of April 27th, 1968. The tone of the article is optimistic about the new liberalization seen in Czechoslovakia to this point, but there is also a tone of uncertainty about what exactly will happen. The author of the article knows that major changes are being made, so quicklyRead MoreShort Answer Questions On Gorbachev s Reforms1305 Words   |  6 Pagescontrolled propaganda. Gorbachev’s reforms led to the rise of Yeltsin in Russia and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, but also to revolutions in Eastern Europe as Brezhnev Doctrine was abandoned and the satellite states were able to plot their own paths forward (although Gorbachev did not anticipate their desertion of socialism). 3) Prague Spring Economic decline in Czechoslovakia inspired political unrest, that caused President Novotny to lose support. Dubcek replaced Novotny as Party leaderRead MoreLeadership in the Uprising: Comparison of Different Uprising1477 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Soviet Union spread their political ideology among the countries of East Central Europe. Instantly, Josef Stalin spread Stalinization across each of the countries to assert Soviet control. He created totalitarian governments with limited freedoms for its citizens. Following the death of Stalin, the new leader of the Soviet Union, Nika Khrushchev, began changing the repressive policies of Stalin, opening the doors to the countries of East Central Europe to challenge the rule of the Soviets. UsingRead MoreThe War Of The Radio Building1524 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"August 20, 1968: Soviets Invade Prauge, Democracy Comes to an End†. The last part, Democracy Comes to an End, was particularly disturbing to him. With a sudden burst of co urage, he resolved that it would not happen before he draws his last breath. When Dominik heard the low rumble of a diesel engine growing louder, he did not run and hide. Instead, he clenched his fists, looking left and right at the approximately twenty other journalists determined to defend the radio building. A Soviet personnel carrierRead MoreEssay on Czechoslovakia875 Words   |  4 Pagesthe face of Eastern Europe. With the collapse of the Soviet authority in 1989, many of the Eastern European countries claimed their independence, and started the process of Democratization in a Post-Communist environment. On January 1, 1993, almost three years after they claimed independence, the first Czechoslovakian constitution was ratified, thus putting the wheel of Democracy into motion. For a little more than ten years, Czechoslovakia has been fashioning itself into a more Democratized countryRead MoreDiscussion of the Causes of the Cold War Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagesand the Sovi et Union had all been allies, fighting against Germany. After World War Two, Britain, France and the Usa had become enemies of the Soviets. The Cold War was caused by several events. The first of the nine events was the yalta conference. The yalta conference was held on 4th February through the 11th 1945. 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The Soviet Union was a Communist country ruled by a dictator while America was a capitalist democracy that valued freedom. Their completely different beliefs and aims caused friction to form between them, which contributed to the creation of the Cold War. At the start of the first world war, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact. With Germany and the Soviet Union being allies, the rest of the world had their suspicionsRead MoreThe Revolutionary Change Of Eastern Europe1581 Words   |  7 Pages349-01 12/4/2015 Throughout years of self proclaimed domination spanning from the time after the second world war, The Soviet Union entered the final stage of its’ existence after the election of Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985. The election of the new Soviet leader would be the catalyst for change not only in the crumbling Soviet Union, but also in the rest of rebellious Eastern Europe. It was the beginning of a new era and there was no more glorious revolution

Essay about Analysis of Doctorows Billy Bathgate

Unspoken Laws in Billy Bathgate With the introduction into gang life comes opportunities for wealth, women, status and power all with the convenient diffusion of any criminal or moral responsibility. Like any society, the secret world of criminal gangs has its own set of stringent expectations and rules that must be followed. In E. L. Doctorow’s Billy Bathgate, the secret world of Schultz’s New York gang empire is revealed through the eyes of the young protagonist, Billy Bathgate. During a time when the grave effects of the depression had trickled down into nearly every community, the opportunity to partake in the privy, elite, prosperous network posed by Schultz was the manifestation of all that Billy could hope for. In his short†¦show more content†¦While constantly aware of Miss Drew’s situation, Billy can’t escape the realization of his position’s possible transiency and the fact that his life depends on his usefulness in the gang: â€Å"all I had to remember was h ow small of a mistake was sufficient to change my fortune, maybe even without knowing it. I was an habitual accomplice to murder. I could be arrested, tried, and sentenced, to death†(123). From this, Billy is impressed with one of the fundamental rules that accompanies inclusion in gang life—absolute loyalty to the gang’s interests. Billy observes the consequences of breaking this rule of loyalty when he hops onto the boat and into the scene of Bo’s sinking figure, and later, when Schulz’s personal life becomes complicated with a pending courtcase. The gang loyally relocates to the rural small town of Onondaga to help ensure the boss avoids jailtime. After painstakingly building an amiable reputation in the town for the Boss, Schultz’s temperament leads to â€Å"the president† Julie Martin’s murder in the hotel. The entire gang dutifully cleans the room and removes the body with cover up concluding with and unprepared Billy bein g punched in the face. After the fact, Billy comes to see the necessity of his subsequent broken nose yet is internally insulted and cannot shake the urge to â€Å"get revenge† (159). This affront to his own ego caused a shift

Network Performance Analysis

Question: Discuss about network performance analysis process and its process. Answer: Abstract The paper is having study about network performance analysis process and its process. The study is supported by several journal and books writers. On the other hand, there is a discussion about different technology and technical tools used for this process. The study is also having in depth discussion about limitation of network performance analysis process. And future scope of network performance analysis process. 1. Introduction The study is having in depth analysis of network performance process and its benefits. Network performance analysis helps experts to know about the performance of network, which they are working. Apart from this, it also helps in monitoring and tuning process of the network. In context to this Bonald Feuillet (2011) stated, every server or workstation is based on some or the other network. And analysis of it is network and workstation and server is very important. On the other hand, network analysis is done by setting the baseline at installation time. As stated by Malecki (2012), every process is having some limitation and benefits. The main benefit of network analysis process discussed in this study is, it help in evaluating the network status. On the other hand Marshall (2010) stated, network performance is measured for packet switching network and circuit switching network. Apart from this, network performance is done for each and every type of network or server. As commented by Masudur (2013), every network design and working nature is different, so they performance analysis is also different. The tools used for analyzing each network are different. Some of the commonly used network analysis tools discussed in this study is as, Pandora FMS, PRTG network monitor freeware, splunk, ntopng and others. 2. Literature Review As mentioned by Nelson Rebelo (2009), network analysis process is done by using the predefined steps for it. On the other hand, the network performance analysis is done after analyzing different servers, for example, client server. As mentioned by Masudur (2013), the performance of the network is done by using the following hierarchy, which is as, Figure 1: Hierarchy of network performance analysis or monitoring system In context to this Sakellari (2011) stated, any system or server is dependent on systems memory availability, processor speed, disk usage and support and others. The network analysis process is dependent on dependent on these factors. Apart from this, while network analysis process hardware and software support system are also checked. As mentioned by Patel (2015), some of the commonly used network hardware components are routers, switches. In addition to this, network hardware components are network adapter, hubs and others. While the network performance analysis processes these components analysis is done. It helps in knowing about the support system of the network and their efficiency. In context to this Nelson Rebelo (2009) stated, network performance and working is based on various components. Apart from this, some of the common network performance problem are related to operating system support, usage of hard disk, firewall and filters. As mentioned by Sakellari (2011), networ k is based on both hardware and software support. For example, the simple networking is based on nodes or connection with other support system. So the main problem which is based in networking is routing. For example, Figure 2: Network routing sample In context to this Sun et al. (2013) stated, network users are having their own specific resources location. And network systems are having autonomous nodes. It help experts to protect network process. On the other hand, network baseline or network performance standard, help experts to analyze the network. As mentioned by Vilches Dujovne (2014), performance of network is based on different factors, which are as Network Latency For example, if sender and receiver are communicating using any network. Then the decoding process delay can cause disturbance in network. Apart from this, delay in communication can delay the processing time. So network performance analysis is very important to avoid the delay. Network error rate Network error rate help expert to know about number of corrupted file. These corrupted file interrupt the network and communication network. Network bandwidth As mentioned by Wang et al. (2013), it help experts to know about total bits involved in network transfer. Apart from this, it also help in estimating the total duration of any communication network. Network throughput In context to this Vilches Dujovne (2014) stated, network throughput is actual rate in which data is transferred over any network. And, network performance analysis help, in completing the communication or transfer in estimated time. Network Jitter Network jitter can disturb the network process or working. Apart from this, jitter can occur at time of sending and receiving information. As mentioned by Sakellari (2011), network standard help in estimating the performance of network. Apart from this, network standard help in improving the network performance. Network performance analysis is done by using specific defined tools. Some of the commonly used tools for measuring performance are Nagios, Fiddler, Pandora FMS and others. These tools help in monitoring the network and its performance level. In context to this Wang et al. (2013) commented, network performance should be monitored in a regular period. It helps in identifying the errors and fault exact location. As commented by Patel (2015), network location is known to their users, so analysis process is easily. In support of this Sakellari (2011) further mentioned that, performance analysis can be easily done, if benchmarking is done. That is, level of performance is decided, then experts can analyze the performance of any network. 3. Discussion In context to this Wang et al. (2013) stated, performance analysis is based on several tools and metrics. Some of the network performance analysis process metrics are as Network services Network system and network As mentioned by Patel (2015), network performance metrics help in analyzing the loss or error in packets while network communication. In addition to this, they also help in analyzing network jitter, delay, capacity of channel. And utilization of channel and packets and effectiveness. In addition to this Nelson Rebelo (2009) commented, network performance can be analyzed by bits and packets transferred. Figure 3: Bits and packets based network performance analysis 3.1 Limitation of network performance analysis As mentioned by Marshall (2010), network performance analysis is totally based on technology, that is, it can only be done by using different softwares and hardwares. The working of network is also based on technology and their analysis is also based on technology. If experts are unaware about the technology uses, then they cannot measure performance. In context to this Malecki (2012) stated, every process is based on technology and their tools. So, network user should be aware of these tools. As it will help in measuring the performance of network. In addition to this Nelson Rebelo (2009) mentioned, performance measuring of network is based on network standards. So, network standards and baselines should be strong and constant. 4. Future scope/Study As mentioned by Masudur (2013), as the technology will upgrade, network performance analysis process will also be upgraded. Network performance analysis process is completely based on technology and technical tools. So with the boom in technology, performance measuring tools will also be changed. 5. Conclusion Network performance help in measuring the quality of network based services. And the analysis process help in determining the fault or error in network process. This analysis process also help in analyzing the standards. That is, the standard decided by experts in initial stage can be used to analyze the process. On the other hand, performance analysis is based on technology and technical tools. For example, Pandora FMS, Splunk and others. These tools help network experts to analyze network performance. And they also help in monitoring the network based processes. Apart from this, network performance tools also help in gathering the data or information. These information can further be used for deciding the network standards and baselines. References Bonald, T., Feuillet, M. (2011). Network performance analysis. London: ISTE. Malecki, F. (2012). Next-generation firewalls: security with performance. Network Security, 2012(12), 19-20. doi:10.1016/s1353-4858(12)70114-9 Marshall, P. (2010). Quantitative analysis of cognitive radio and network performance. Norwood, Mass.: Artech House. Masudur Rahman, M. (2013). Performance Analysis of Active Network Service Composition. IOSRJEN, 3(7), 34-42. doi:10.9790/3021-03723442 Nelson, P., Rebelo, P. (2009). Network performance. Basingstoke: Taylor Francis. Patel, A. (2015). Network performance without compromising security. Network Security, 2015(1), 9-12. doi:10.1016/s1353-4858(15)70008-5 Sakellari, G. (2011). Performance evaluation of the Cognitive Packet Network in the presence of network worms. Performance Evaluation, 68(10), 927-937. doi:10.1016/j.peva.2011.03.005 Sun, Y., Sun, Y., Xu, P., Liu, H. (2013). Performance Analysis of Wireless Sensor Network Based on OPNET. Communications And Network, 05(03), 512-516. doi:10.4236/cn.2013.53b2094 Vilches, T., Dujovne, D. (2014). GNUradio and 802.11: performance evaluation and limitations. IEEE Network, 28(5), 27-31. doi:10.1109/mnet.2014.6915436 Wang, Y., Liu, J., Yuan, L. (2013). Performance Analysis of TCP in Maritime Shipping Network. JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING STUDIES, 5(3), 265-271. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1224.2013.00265

More Than One Celled Organisms Grow By Way Of Mitosis And The Cytoplas

More than one celled organisms grow by way of mitosis and the cytoplasmic division of body cells. On the other hand, meiosis occurs only in germ cells, which are put aside for the formation of gametes (sperm and egg). Reproduction by meiosis allows for species survival and it increases genetic variability. The process, during which the germ cells are generated is called meiosis. It represents nature's solution to the problem of chromosome doubling that would occur, if two diploid cells, i.e. two cells with a double set of chromosomes would fuse. Accordingly does meiosis produce haploid germ cells, with maternal and paternal germ cell fusing at fertilization and thus generating a diploid fusion product, the zygote. Meiosis is made up by two subsequent processes, both of which resemble mitosis. In the first process are the homologous chromosomes separated. It has an unusually long prophase that is subdivided into different stages They are followed by metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Two nuclei fuse upon fertilization, so that the number of chromosomes does necessarily double. If this thought is spun further, would an greater growth of the number of chromosomes from generation to generation have to be expected. This is not the case, because the chromosomes are reduced to half their normal number in germ cell production. This process is called meiosis. It consists of two successive mitosis-like divisions: in the first division is the number of chromosomes reduced to their half, the second is a normal mitosis. Each germ cell contains a complete set of chromosomes, a haploid set. Accordingly are the cells haploid and zygotes and the body cells that stem from them are diploid, because they contain two equal sets of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father. They exist, especially in plants. At the beginning of meiosis, in prophase 1 the plate breaksdown and chromosomes become visible as in mitosis (1). The chromosomes have replicated but individual chromatids are not visible. Instead of lining up on a metaphase, as in mitosis, chromosomes come together in pairs (2). Each chromosome in a pair is similar in structure (homologous), but would have come originally from different parents. Later in prophase the homologous pairs twist round each other and chromatids may cross over (3). Breaks occur at these crossovers or chiasmata, and pieces of chromatid are exchanged (4). Chromosome pairs line up across the equator of the spindle at metaphase I (5). In anaphase I the chromosomes separate and travel to opposite ends of the spindle. The chromosomes migrate to the equators of two new spindles for metaphase 2 (7). Next the chromatids are pulled apart in anaphase 2 to form four clusters of chromosomes in telophase 2. The nuclear envelopes reform around four haploid nuclei that wil l give rise gamete The leptotene. This phase differs only slightly from the early stages of mitosis. Usually are the cells and nuclei of meiotic tissues bigger than that of their neighbouring tissues and often do they seem to be longer and are longitudinally structured. At regular intervals can thickenings be found, like beads on a string: the chromomeres. Their number, size and positioning is constant in each species. The zygotene. During this phase begins the pairing of homologous chromosomes. It is also called synapsis and the resulting structure synaptic complex. Directly after initiation of the process does the pairing spread like a zipper across the whole length of the chromosome. The pachytene. During the pachytene does the pairing stabilize. The number of synaptic complexes corresponds to the number of chromosomes in a haploid set of the respective species. The pairs are also called bivalents. The diplotene. The bivalents separate again. During this does it become visible that each chromosome is built of two chromatids, so that the whole complex stands still, four strands during the separation. Normally is the separation not accomplished, but the homologous chromosomes stick together at certain points, the chaismata. This state is marked by the formation of cross-like structures, single or multipleloops. The diakinesis is the continuation of the diplotene. It is usually difficult to mark an exact limit between both states. The chromosomes condense and become more compact. The metaphase. From now on do the processes resemble that of mitosis again. The nuclear membrane

Women in Policing Essay Example

Women in Policing Essay Example Women in Policing Essay Women in Policing Essay This research originates with a question or problem: Women police officers experience disparate treatment. The research will address and identify the social causes and effects of how the occurrence of disparate treatment of women officers correlates with discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. The goal of this research Is articulated as: It Is a goal of society for law enforcement agencies to represent the communities they serve. In order to achieve this goal, it is important for law enforcement agencies to identify and address the adverse affects of disparate treatment of women in law enforcement. Research on the problem of aspirate treatment of women officers in law enforcement follows a specific plan. The research begins with problem formation and a topic outline. The research design is explained in the introduction thesis and the outline defines the research question. The research divides the problem into sub-problems. A cause and effect analysis was chosen to Identify the social causes and effects of how the occurrence of disparate treatment of women officers correlates with the subtopics of discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. Research objectives were guided by the cause and effect analysis of the problem by utilizing the analysis to formulate research question and hypothesis. The research objectives were guided by a literature review. A hypothesis is advanced about what is expected to happen in the research. The research is designed to look at the relationship between disparate treatment of women police officers and discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. This research Is designed to assess the hypothesis, Women police officers experience disparate treatment. This research accepts certain critical assumptions. The 1 org research Is millennial Decease AT ten vitality AT ten assumptions. I en statement AT assumptions as the foundation of the research is as follows, This research is designed to assess the hypothesis that women police officers experience disparate treatment. To understand the implications of these critical assumptions for theory and research, experiences and attitudes of sample groups of male and women officers were explored. A method and content analysis of survey data revealed conclusions which supported the hypothesis. Implications of the research of disparate treatment of women police officers will be discussed in the report findings and discussion. This discussion incorporates other researchers views with a dialogue of how the literature review relates to the research being conducted. The research methodology will conceptualize the disparate treatment of women officers in law enforcement. Specific research procedures, such as survey questions, were developed which resulted in empirical observations representing those concepts in the real world. The literature review provides a detailed identification of the overall relevance to existing research as it relates to empirical research of the adverse affects associated tit disparate treatment of women officers in law enforcement. The harms of under representation of women in policing include discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits, retention problems, damaged community relations, ineffective response to violence against women, and the excessive force complaints that accompany a void of women in policing. In order to discuss the current status of women in law enforcement, it is important to review the history of women in the profession. Law enforcement has traditionally been a male dominated field ever since the mid-19th century and has been slow to accept women into its ranks. Women in policing make up less than 15 percent of all police officers in the United States (Harrington 2001). Women face many obstacles, and yet have brought about changes in policing. The Jobs available to policewomen were limited until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, (Essen 1999). In the early sasss, law enforcement agencies only hired men as police officers. This was a result of societys view that women were not fit to be police officers (Harrington and Lindsay 2006). In 1971 women accounted for only 1. 4 percent of all police officers. Today women in policing make up more than 13 recent of police officers. Women have made progress in their numbers in recent years but women are still underrepresented in all ranks in policing and women face many obstacles. The Supreme Court applied Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to law enforcement in 1972. Agencies could be sued for discriminating against qualified women. In some cases, the courts issued consent decrees which forced agencies to hire qualified women. Many law enforcement agencies used height and weight limits to prevent women from meeting the qualifications until the courts struck down this practice in 1977 in Dotard vs.. Rawlins. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (CAP) conducted a survey and found that women in policing are both underused and undervalued in law enforcement. While they said that the number of women in policing is growing and progressing through the ranks, it also revealed that there are too few women in law enforcement, woman police officers still face Elocutionary tattletales Trot male emcees, police agencies lack strategies Tort recruiting women, woman police officers face advancement limits, sexual harassment still occurs in many departments, there are few mentoring programs for female officers and women make valuable contributions to community policing.

Spanish Prepositional Pronouns

Spanish Prepositional Pronouns The easy part about learning the grammar of pronouns in Spanish is that they follow a structure similar to the pronouns of English, serving as subjects as well as objects of verbs and prepositions. The tricky part, at least for people whose first language is English, is remembering which pronouns to use. While English uses the same pronouns as objects of prepositions and for direct and indirect objects of verbs, Spanish has a different set of pronouns for each usage, and those sets overlap. The subject pronouns and prepositional pronouns are identical except in the first-person singular and familiar second-person singular forms. How To Use Prepositional Pronouns As you can probably guess, prepositional pronouns are those that come after prepositions. In a sentence such as Tengo una sorpresa para ella (I have a surprise for her), para (for) is the preposition and ella (her) is the prepositional pronoun. Here are the prepositional pronouns of Spanish along with examples of their usage: mà ­ (first-person singular, equivalent of me): El regalo es para mà ­. (The gift is for me.)ti (informal second-person singular, equivalent of you; note that there is no written accent on this pronoun): El regalo es para ti. (The gift is for you.)usted (formal second-person singular, equivalent of you): El regalo es para usted. (The gift is for you.)à ©l (third-person masculine singular, equivalent of him or it): El regalo es para à ©l. (The gift is for him.)  Miro debajo à ©l.  (I am looking under it.)ella (third-person feminine singular, equivalent of her or it): El regalo es para ella. (The gift is for her.)  Miro debajo ella.  (I am looking under it.)nosotros, nosotras (first-person plural, equivalent of us): El regalo es para nosotros. (The gift is for us.)vosotros, vosotras (second-person informal plural, equivalent of you): El regalo es para vosotros. (The gift is for you.)ustedes (second-person formal plural, equivalent of you): El regalo es para ustedes.  (Th e gift is for you.) ellos, ellas (third-person plural, equivalent of them): El regalo es para ellos. (The gift is for them.) Sà ­ as a Pronoun There is also another prepositional object that is occasionally used. Sà ­ is used to mean himself, herself, the formal yourself, the formal yourselves, or themselves as the object of a preposition. For example, à ©l compra el regalo para sà ­, he is buying the gift for himself. One reason you dont see this usage often is since the meaning is usually expressed using the reflexive form of the verb: Se compra un regalo, he is buying himself a gift. Pronouns for It Either à ©l or ella can mean it as the object of a preposition, although as a subject there is no Spanish word used for it. The word used depends on the gender of the noun it replaces, with à ©l being used for masculine nouns and ella being used for feminine nouns.  ¿Dà ³nde est la mesa? Necesito mirar debajo ella. (Where is the table? I need to look under it.) ¿Dà ³nde est el carro? Necesito mirar debajo à ©l.  (Where is the car? I need to look under it.) Similarly, ellos and ellas, when used as a preposition pronoun meaning them, can be used to represent things as well as people. Use ellos when referring to nouns that are masculine, ellas for feminine nouns. Ellos also is used when referring to a group that includes both masculine and feminine nouhs. Contigo and Conmigo Instead of saying con mà ­ and con ti, use conmigo and contigo. Él va conmigo.  (He is going with me.)  Ella va contigo.  (She is going with you.) You also should use consigo instead of con sà ­, although this word isnt very common. Él habla consigo. (He  talks with himself.) Exceptions: Prepositions Followed by Subject Pronouns Finally, note that yo and tà º are used with the following six prepositions instead of with mà ­ and ti, respectively: entre (between)excepto (usually translated as except)incluso (including or even)menos (except)salvo (except)segà ºn (according to) Also, hasta is used with the subject pronouns when it is used in the same way as incluso. Examples: Es la diferencia entre tà º y yo. (Its the difference between you and me.)Muchas personas incluso/hasta yo creen en las hadas. (Many people including me believe in fairies.)Todos excepto/menos/salvo tà º creen en las hadas. (Everybody except you believes in fairies.)Es la verdad segà ºn yo. (Its the truth according to me.)

The promotion of diversity in mental healthcare Essay

The promotion of diversity in mental healthcare - Essay Example The prevalence of mental or substance use disorder in the United States is proximately 30% and only one-third of these individuals are currently receiving treatment establishing these we can see how fundamental is developing of mental health. According to WHO it is reported that some 450 million people worldwide are affected by mental health problems; neurologic or behavior problems that arise in any moment and 873,000 people die by suicide every year, which is enormous number. One in four patients visiting a health services has at least a mental, neurological, or behavior disorder, but frequently are neither diagnosed nor treated. Most low and middle income countries devote less than one precent of their already -paltry health expenditure to mental health, so little attention is dedicated to mental health and its developing in these countries. Because we all have mental health needs and we can all benefit from metal health promotion, which works to strength our capacity for positive mental health, wherever we have mental problem established. Also mental health promotion can help reduce factors that are damaging mental health such as social support, anti-poverty strategies or by tackling racism. Companionship, meaningful occupation, and opportunities to participate and contribute do protect mental health. Mental health promotion is essentially concerned with: how individuals, families, organizations and communities think and feel, then the factors which influence how we think and feel, individually and collectively and the impact that this has on overall health and well being. Mental health promotion can take place with individuals, communities or at policy or structural level and is relevant to the whole population as well as vulnerable groups and people at risk of or currently experiencing mental health problems. Many pe ople turn to religion when are in emotional crises and there is some evidence that religious involvement protects mental well being and may help people with mental health problems. Faith communities can provide a spiritual resource and a place of belonging which help to counter the impact of prejudice, inequalities, loneliness or isolation. For example, the worshipping, witnessing and caring life of the church contributes something to good mental health since it brings people in touch with Jesus the great healer. In many ways I consider, faith communities are ideally placed to promote the mental health of all their members. The promotion of mental health is situated within the largest field of health promotion and sits alongside the prevention of mental disorder and the treatment and rehabilitation of people with mental illness and disabilities. Mental health promotion involves actions that support people to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyle and which create supportive living conditions or environmental for health, whose goal is preventing metal illness or mental disorder. Important segment are public health policy, including strategies for continued growth and practice implantation and not estimating the international cooperation and alliances for achieving effectiveness of intervention. Mental health and illness are determined by multiple factors and interaction by social, psychological and biological factors, such as

Importing US food Risk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Importing US food Risk - Research Paper Example In 2008, there were some reported cases where cats and dogs were stricken by tainted pet food while people died from contaminations in certain drugs. In both incidents, the ingredients were found to have been imported from China (In Curtis, 2013).   In response to this, the Public Health Security through the Bioterrorism act directs the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to take additional measures to protect the public from all terrorist attacks on food supply and all other food related emergencies. FDA is the food regulatory agency of the department of Health and Human Services and has the mandate to receive prior notification of food that is imported, including animal feed, in the United States. Prior notice of import shipments give chance to the FDA, through the support of the U.S Custom and Border Protection to focus on import inspections with much effectiveness and help protect the state’s food supply against acts of terror and all other public health emergencies. The FDA food safety act was signed in 2011 with aims to ensure that the U.S food supply is safe by directing the focus of the federal regulations from taking action on contamination to prevent it (Kastner, 2011).   The FDA signed a regulation that required all persons to submit prior notices of imported food. Close to fifty million people get sick while three thousand die each year from food borne diseases. This is according to a data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This was mentioned as a public health burden which is largely preventable. The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act enables the FDA to strengthen the systems of food safety by giving them new authorities and tools to make all new imported foods meet the same safety standards as those produced in the U.S. However, building a new system of food safety beside on prevention would take time. FDA focuses on implementing the safety acts with open grounds for all stakeholders to give their contribution. T he FDA has therefore some laid down responsibilities and authorities which are aimed at improving food safety in the United States. The FDA’s new import mandates and authorities include the following (Hinkelman and Ebrary, 2004); Import accountability. During the first time, the importers have an explicit mandate to verify that their suppliers have sufficient preventive controls to make sure that the food they produce is safe. Third party certification: The FDA Food Safety Modernization (FSMA) initiates program through which third parties can verify that foreign food capacities comply with the U.S food safety standards. The certification is very significant in facilitating the entry of imports (Zaring et al., 2009). Cortication for high risk foods: as a condition of entry into America, FDA can authorize that the high-risk imported foods be accompanied by a trustworthy third party certification or with an assurance of compliance. Voluntary qualified importer program: a volunta ry program must be established for the importers. This would provide for the expedited entry and review of foods from importers. Entitlement is limited to importers who offer food from certified facilities. Authority to deny entry: foods from a foreign facility can be denied entry into the U.S by FDA. FDA has also a

Mississippi Burning Essay Example for Free

Mississippi Burning Essay Burning is a movie about racial hate and bigotry. How has the director Alan Parker presented the genre through the use of Camera, Music and other techniques? Racial hate has been one of the biggest issues in society over the past 100 years. Film has traditionally been considered a very effective medium in presenting a message about this. Mississippi Burning is a heart wrenching film based on racial hate and bigotry. Alan Parker is the director of the film and has incorporated many techniques such as, camera angles and lighting, costume and language and sound. All of these techniques are to suit particular scenes in the film and or to highlight certain attributes. Alan Parker provides a theme and or message with in his film, and his techniques used without help to provide the message and or theme he wishes to portray. Camera Angles and Lighting are highly influenced in the film as they help symbolise certain objects and highlight hidden meanings. SCENE displays this as once the FBI men have had the fright of their life they spot something outside, to then see it is a burning cross. At this point the cross is burning bright and the environment around is dull, almost not there. This is highlighting the fact that at this point of time the police are winning and their ways are brighter and better then there’s. This proves that the police believe that treating black people like dogs is okay. Throughout the film there are dramatic camera angles, the best one that highlights the whole movie is the opening scene, where we are looking directly at a white mans’ drinking fountain and a black mans’ drinking fountain, the differences in the fountains show that black men have no rights and white men have too many. Alan Parker uses language and costume to highlight certain characters and their actions. Language being a strong point throughout the film, Alan highlights the fact that the police for example are pig headed by the way they speak. They have a lot of slag and a lot of attitude. Alan highlights the fact that the black people have a voice as when they do speak, they are polite and confident. The way the characters all dress reflects them too, as Alan tries to portray a message that the black people cannot afford not only nice clothes but a better life, that the white men can afford to dress nice but cannot afford a nice attitude. Sound is used to help maintain a scene, to help make it more dramatic, to make you more excited, to prove a point or make you sadder. Sound helps portray messages in such a way that words cant. Mississippi Burning without fail reaches to enhance these points as the film carries out many strong ‘sound’ points. SCENE when the three civil right men are found, the funeral is withheld and a black woman with a strong voice take the scene as she evokes the point that the two white boys were not allowed to be buried near the black boy and not only she, but the whole black culture has had enough of being treated like dirt. This scene shows a rise up, a community of black people standing together for the last time as dirt and rising up together as strong-willed people. Mississippi Burning uses a wide range of techniques to provoke messages being hidden throughout the film. Racial hate and bigotry are constantly highlighted behind mixed messages and a hidden meaning as Alan Parker allows a viewer to withhold their own opinion on not just the film, but racism itself.

computer Fields :: essays research papers

Duaane B. Carrington Jr.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Cattell Rough Draft  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11/7/01 Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For my term paper the field I chose was computers. I chose this field because I love computers and it s a field on the rise. When doing my research about computers, I tried to stay focused on a few different types of fields. I did this because I thought that doing every different type of field would not help me chose the right field for me. Computers is such a big field that it was almost no problem picking a couple of computer fields to talk about in my term paper. Preparation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When doing some research I found out some ways to prepare yourself for the field of computers. First you should have good study habits and take a lot of notes during class. It would help you if you had a laptop so you can do some of your work in your dormitory instead of using the computer lab on the school campus (Cobb, interview). If you know nothing about the field that you are doing, then you should narrow down your classes, and take a side class that will help you prepare for your field. Since there are so many mathematic problems dealing with computers you should be well rounded with math in high school (Cobb, interview). If you are not good with math, then you should try to do anything possible to try and improve your math capabilities. Opportunities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many opportunities with the field of computers. A lot of jobs are offered to college students during their time in college. Some jobs offer the student so much money that they could live off of that if they were to leave college at that moment in time ( ex.35,000). Some job offers in different fields of computers are vast, but some are very hard make it in. You should pick a field that nobody really knows about make sure it has good pay. General   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found out that having someone who majored or knows something in the field of computers that you are in, you will need them if you have to ask them a question about something in your field that you can’t answer. There is a high demand for computer experts in certain fields, because a big or small corporation might need someone in that area to help them become successful (Cobb, interview). There is a lot of programming in computers.

Describe the Type of Business, Its Purpose and Ownership

Describe the type of business, purpose and ownership of two contrasting businesses. I will be speaking about two organisations the first organisation I have decided to discuss is ASDA and I will follow it of by McDonald's as the second organisation. Asda is a Public company and is a British supermarket chain which supplies various services to the customers such as: Clothing, Food, and General Merchandise etc. It has become a multi-national store leading of its subsidiary of Wal-Mart which is American based. It is quite a large business and has approx 231+ superstores within the UK, and the number of store openings is still arising.The purpose of ASDA is to sell its services and goods to the local consumers of different areas/cities within the UK and also out of the UK. It offers a wide range of services to its customers, supplying goods such as: clothing and food it is a quite a commonly known organisation. Asda is concerned in attracting the budget market as any other business would look into the same type of aim, as a business it is achieving massively in result to the number of stores and the investment into Netto which was brought by Asda in 2010.The ownership of Asda is a PLC (Public Limited Company) this is because its shares can be brought on the share market making it a PLC. The purpose of Asda is that they exist to gain profit, the openings of more stores is to gain sales and so that more customers come into their business etc. As my second organisation I have decided to discuss about McDonalds, it is the world’s largest chain of fast food restaurant. The business began in 1940 the Headquarters are based in the United States and the corporation was founded by a businessman.In 2003 the company had launched the â€Å"I’m Lovin It† campaign. The purpose of the business is to serve its customers with the excellent quality of food that they provide. It is a worldwide company and has over 33,000 stores in approx 118 different countries, and serves about 64 million daily. The number of worldwide employees for McDonalds is 1. 7 million, and the chief executive director for McDonald’s is Jim Skinner.

Supply and Demand Paper

Supply and Demand Paper Sandra Mendoza XECO/212 November 18, 2012 Linda LaCoste Supply and Demand 1 I have had the experience of purchasing a few different items that are listed as choices to choose from, but I choose to go with my most recent purchase, my college education. My college education has been one of the most important decisions I have made.I knew that I had to take this decision seriously and not just jump into it without all the information I needed since this was going to be a long term commitment financially. Understanding the pros of getting my college education with a degree in business management out weighted any con that I could come up with. Since I was graduated from Tehachapi high school the demand for a college degree has increase. Both my mother and father never attended college and both were very successful people in the careers they choose.My father owned his own electrical business and my mother was the lead accountant at the California department of corre ctions. A collage education or degree was not as sought after to have a good job or career as it is today. My father started his own business at the age of 25 years old and has learned many successful skills through his years to be a successful business owner. Today many businesses are requiring a degree to work for them. The company that I currently am working for requires a degree to move up with in the company.You can start working for them at the bottom of the totem poll, but in order to advance and make more money they want the employees to have a degree. They are even willing to pay for part of your tuition as long as you pass the classes with at least a C average. The tuition reburcment played a big role in making the decision to go to college. Although I have a few years of experience in management, in order for me to move up, have more job security and a better knowledge of the type of management I am doing, I knew I needed to take the leap.I know that earning this degree; will provide me with more opportunities with my company. Supply and Demand 2 There are many factors when concerning the supply and demand that can cause changes to consumers going to college. The main factors that could cause changes are the consumer’s income levels and the employer’s expectations of having a college degree. If consumers can’t afford to pay for a college education, than they are more likely to wait and settle for any job that can help them meet their bare requirements to pay their bills.The second factor is if employers do not require for their employees to have a degree or college education. If employers were not requiring these standards, more consumers will not be willing to pay the extra expense for something they are not required to have. Consumers are not willing to pay an expense for something that is not going to help them secure a job or advancement with a company. There are a few substitutes for consumers not wanting to pay for a colle ge education.One of these would be for the consumer to become an intern for a particular place. This would allow the individual to test drive the career before they start investing time and money into college, and they will get on – the – job training. This could give individuals a taste of a particular job field to determine if it would be worth the investment for them. Vocational trainings can be offered locally and through other larger organizations free of charge. These trainings can be very rewarding experiences for consumers.AmeriCorps and Peace Corps have volunteer opportunities lasting anywhere from 10-27 months that provide small living stipend as well as healthcare and childcare benefits. Some may even qualify for educational awards for future college expenses. References http://www. investopedia. com/financial-edge/0611/6-alternatives-to-going-to-college. aspx#axzz2CcogXWBG) www. nytimes. com – Burden of College Loans on Graduates Grows By Tamar Lewin Published: April 11, 2011 http://www. investopedia. com/financial-edge/0611/6-alternatives-to-going-to-col

3 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists

3 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists 3 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists 3 Cases of Inconsistent Wording in Lists By Mark Nichol Whether items are listed in line (within a sentence) or vertically, the syntactical structure of the items should be consistent. In the following three examples, discussion and revision illustrate this point. First Example 1. Integrity to the Discipline 2. Constructive Board Engagement 3. Effective Risk Positioning 4. Establish a Learning Culture 5. Set Appropriate Incentives In this list of topics, the first three are written as phrases, while the last two are imperative sentences (meaning that they tell the reader to do something). Every item should follow the same organization, one way or the other: Option 1: Phrases 1. Integrity to the Discipline 2. Constructive Board Engagement 3. Effective Risk Positioning 4. Establishment of a Learning Culture 5. Setting of Appropriate Incentives Option 2: Imperative Sentences 1. Bring Integrity to the Discipline 2. Enable Constructive Board Engagement 3. Promote Effective Risk Positioning 4. Establish a Learning Culture 5. Set Appropriate Incentives Second Example 1. Appearances are everything. 2. Tell the story. 3. Keep it short. 4. Speak with authority. 5. Respond directly to questions. 6. Be a team player. In this set of statements, all items are complete sentences, but the first one is a declarative statement (one that states a fact or idea). The easiest solution here is to alter the outlier (though in certain cases it may be more appropriate, or otherwise preferable, to retain the syntactical structure of the minority item(s) in a list): 1. Remember that appearances are everything. 2. Tell the story. 3. Keep it short. 4. Speak with authority. 5. Respond directly to questions. 6. Be a team player. Third Example Management complexity is significantly reduced. Tool sprawl eliminated. Scalable, resilient infrastructure. Each of the three items in this list is different; the first is a declarative statement, the second is also declarative but, as is sometimes done in lists, it has (unlike the previous item) been truncated by omission of a helping verb, and the third item is simply a phrase. Again, unless there is a good reason for structuring list items to match the exception or exceptions, go with the majority: Management complexity is significantly reduced. Tool sprawl is eliminated. Infrastructure is scalable and resilient. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowAcronym vs. InitialismPractice or Practise?

Timeline of the Persian Wars 492-449

Timeline of the Persian Wars 492-449 The Persian Wars (sometimes known as the Greco-Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, beginning in 502 BCE and running some 50 years, until 449 BCE. The seeds for the wars was planted in 547 BCE when the Persian emperor, Cyrus the Great, conquered  Greek Ionia. Before this, the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire,  centered in what is now modern-day Iran, had maintained an uneasy coexistence, but this expansion by the Persians would eventually lead to war.   Timeline and Summary of the Persian Wars 502 BCE,  Naxos: An unsuccessful attack by the Persians on the large island of Naxos, midway between Crete and the current Greek mainland,  paved the way to revolts by Ionian settlements occupied by the Persians in Asia Minor. The Persian Empire had gradually expanded to occupy Greek settlements in Asia Minor, and the success of Naxos at repelling the Persians encouraged the Greek settlements to consider rebellion.  c. 500 BCE, Asia Minor: The first revolts by Green Ionian regions of Asia Minor began, in reaction to oppressive tyrants appointed by the Persians to oversee the territories.  498 BCE, Sardis:  Ã‚  Persians, led by Aristagoras with Athenian and Eritrean allies, occupied Sardis, located along what is now the western coast of Turkey. The city was burned, and the Greeks met and were defeated by a Persian force. This was the end of the Athenian involvement in the Ionian  revolts.492 BCE, Naxos: When the Persians invaded, the inhabitants of the island fled. The Per sians burned settlements, but the nearby island of Delos was spared. This marked the first invasion of Greece by the Persians, led by Mardonius. 490 BCE, Marathon: The first Persian invasion of Greece ended with Athens decisive victory over the Persians at Marathon, in the Attica region, north of Athens.  480 BCE, Thermopylae, Salamis: Led by Xerxes, the Persians in their second invasion of Greece defeated the combined Greek forces at the Battle of Thermopylae. Athens soon falls, and the Persians overrun most of Greece. However, at the Battle of Salamis, a large island west of Athens, the combined Greek navy decisively beat the Persians. Xerxes retreated to Asia.  479 BCE, Plataea:  Persians retreating from their loss at Salamis encamped at Plataea, a small town northwest of Athens, where combined Greek forces badly defeated the Persian army, led by Mardonius. This defeat effectively ended the second Persian invasion. Later that year, combined Greek forces went on the offensive to expel Persian forces from Ionian settlements in Sestos and Byzantium.  478 BCE, Delian League: A joint effort of Greek city-states, the Del ian League formed to combine efforts against the Persians. When Spartas actions alienated many of the Greek city-states, they united under the leadership of Athens, thereby beginning what many historians view as the start of the Athenian Empire. Systematic expulsion of the Persians from settlements in Asia now began, continuing for 20 years.   476 to 475 BCE, Eion: Athenian general Cimon captured this important Persian stronghold, where Persian armies stored huge stores of supplies. Eion was located west of the island of Thasos and south of what is now the border of Bulgaria, at the mouth of the Strymon River.  468 BCE, Caria: General Cimon freed the coastal towns of Caria from the Persians in a series of land and sea battles. Southern Aisa Minor from Cari to Pamphylia (the region of what is now Turkey between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean) soon became part of the Athenian Federation.  456 BCE, Prosopitis: To support a local Egyptian rebellion in the Nile River Delta, Greek forces were besieged by remaining Persian forces and were badly defeated. This marked the beginning of the end of Delian League expansionism under Athenian leadership  449 BCE, Peace of Callias: Persia and Athens signed a peace treaty, although, to all intents and purposes, hostilities had ended several years earlier. Soon, Athens would find itself in the middle of the Peloponnesian Wars as Sparta, and other city-states rebelled against Athenian supremacy.

Reading and researching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reading and researching - Essay Example In addition, a literature review intends to illustrate, sum up, review, elaborate and/ or incorporate the substance of primary accounts (Crano, 2002). The review of related or relevant literature is almost at all times a standard chapter of a research proposal and a full-blown dissertation. The review outlines an essential chapter in a research thesis where its objective is to present the setting or backdrop to and rationale for the research embarked on. Furthermore, the objective of a literature review is to demonstrate to the reader that the researcher have actually read, and have a good understanding of, the key available scholarly literature concerning a specific subject matter or issue in his/her discipline. This work could be in layout, integrating online references or sources. It could be a project taken apart, or one of the preliminary portions of a thesis, report or a dissertation. Nevertheless, in research proposals and dissertations in particular, the review will be directed by particular research objectives of by the subject matter or argument that a researcher will be discussing and will present the structure for further work (Fairclough, 2003). On the other hand, aside from outlining a clear-cut review of related literature, social research also relies on three paradigmatic approaches, namely, positivism, interpretivism and critical approach, in defining the processes and disposition of a research proposal or dissertation. Primarily, the principle which states that all knowledge originates from positive data or information from observable facts or phenomenon is the territory of positivism; the origins of positivism rest specifically with empiricism, which operates merely with observable details, believing that further than this is the dimension of exactness of mathematics and logic (Bryman, 1992). On the other hand, the interpretivism paradigm of social research is a strategy founded on

Are human conceptions of God overly anthropomorphic (in the same way Essay

Are human conceptions of God overly anthropomorphic (in the same way that those of the spiders are overly arachnimorphic) - Essay Example This therefore confirms the truth that human conceptions or the true idea of God must be anthropomorphic in nature meaning that the Deity possesses man-like character and norm. Even though it is difficult to prove that man was made in the image of God, it is not in doubt that all men are made in the image of God. All experiences therefore come from God including the human experience, and in that sense anthropomorphic. The substance of the philosophical and theological theories is that man has the conception of God as anthropomorphic as it is embedded in almost all the scriptures of the different religions like Christianity and Judaism amongst others. Hume’ Dialogues brings about different conceptions of God as anthropomorphic through the ranking of four causal principles namely reason, instinct, generation, and vegetation (O’Connor 127; Hume and Richard 46). For instance, Philo argues that the universe resembles an organism and is likely to have originated by generation from matter by stating, â€Å"The universe bears a greater likeness to an animal or vegetable than human works. The cause must therefore be similar. The cause of order in animals and vegetables is reproduction. The universe therefore originated by reproduction rather than design.† (Hume 131). Cleanthes supports the anthropomorphic conception of God along the lines of the Design Argument as he feels it is the only philosophical argument that gives an insight about the true nature and existence of God (Hume and Dorothy 22). Both Demea and Philo feel that it is difficult to understand the real God but Cleanthes uses the Argument Design to describe how humans view God as anthropomorphic. Cleanthes states, â€Å"The existence and nature of God is known by the Argument from design: 1. Premise: The world is adjusted and fine-tuned, 2. Premise: The adjustment of the world resembles exactly, though it

Strategic Decision Making (Team) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Decision Making (Team) - Essay Example The four provocative scenarios identified for tertiary education are traditional, marginal open, marginal elitist and ambient. Traditional and marginal open scenarios represent societies of low knowledge intensities while marginal elitist and ambient represent societies of high knowledge intensities. The first scenario is where TES perpetuates specialization, compartmentalization and exclusivity. Under this, we have the traditional and marginal elitist scenarios. According to Dator (2002), TES institutions in the traditional scenario function in communities where knowledge intensity of life has not changed much and the role played by institutions of tertiary education like colleges and universities remain the same as in the past. Istance et al (2003) explain that in his scenario, TES will continue with its traditional functions in research and teaching and there are many organizational responses to the increasing demand for research and specialized skills. However, research continues to mix profit and non-profit while teaching is mainly directed by the mass-model of compulsory secondary education (Brown and Paul 1998). From a functional perspective, TES maintains its position along traditional lines as the chief source of upper level research, teaching, certification and legitimate claims of knowledge. TES is in control of the overall flow of knowledge. This is because a larger percentage of researchers are still university and for knowledge to be deemed valuable, some form of benediction from within TES is still required (Inayatullah and Gidley 2000). In the Marginal Elitist Scenario, there is dramatic change in the socio-economic context yet TES institutions and their way of functioning do not change. Because of this, TES becomes marginal backwater and elitist bastion (Fullan 2003). With desperation, the past approaches to knowledge try to insist on past glory and their pride of place resulting to a small role in overall research

Heineken Is One Of The Worlds Pale Lager Marketing Essay

Heineken Is One Of The Worlds Pale Lager Marketing Essay Heineken is one of the worlds huge pale lager and is dedicated to grow and remain independent, made by Heineken International since 1873. The trade name that stands for the founders name Heineken is presented in almost all countries on the planet earth and is one of the worlds most valuable international premium beer brand. It is very popular in the United States, Europe and even Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan. Their international brands are Heineken and Amstel, but the group brews and sells more than 170 international premium, regional, local and specialty beers and ciders, including Cruz campo, Birra Moretti, Fosters, Maes, Murphys, Newcastle Brown Ale, Ochota,  Tiger, Sagres, Star, Strong bow  and  Zywiec. It is available in a 4.3% alcohol by volume, in countries such as Ireland. Heineken has been able to remain one of the worlds leading consumer and corporate brands for more than 130 years. Famous brands include Amstel, Europes third-largest selling beer, Cruzcampo, Tiger, Zywiec, Birra Moretti, Ochota, Murphys and Star. They are more than 119 breweries in more than 65 countries brewing a Group beer volume of 139.2 million hectolitres. In this report we going to Discover more about company, strategy, as well as their operations in EUROPIAN region. 1.1 History The Heineken story began more than 140 years ago in 1864 when Gerard Adriaan Heineken acquired a small brewery in Amsterdam. Since then, four generations of the Heineken family have expanded the Heineken brand and the Company throughout Europe and the rest of the world. Values and principals Heineken morals and ethics are not a lavish: they are essential to every level of business. Heineken is committed in sustainable development, in optimiseing their financial results with nominal impact to business atmosphere. To do this, they abide with number of governing business principles and three other core values such as- respect, enjoyment and quality that reflect their passion for beer and respect for their employees, business partners, customers, shareholders and all others who are connected to company. 2.0 Marketing audit for Heineken The marketing audit is a fundamental part of the marketing planning process. It is conducted with implementation of the plan. The marketing audit considers both internal and external marketing planning, as well as review of the plan itself. PEST analysis is an audit of an organizations environmental influences with the purpose of using this information to guide strategic decision-making. The PEST technique involves assessing four sets of factors: Political/legal, Economic, Socio-cultural, and Technological. The assumption is that if the organization is able to audit its current environment and assess potential changes, it will be better placed than its competitors to respond to changes. PEST analysis is concerned with the environmental influences on a business.The acronym stands for the Political, Economic, Social and Technological issues that could affect the strategic development of a business. Identifying PEST influences is a useful way of summarising the external environment in which a business operates. However, it must be followed up by consideration of how a business should respond to these influences. The table below lists some possible factors that could indicate important environmental Influences for a business under the PEST headings: Political / Legal Economic Social Technological Environmental regulation and protection Economic growth (overall; by industry sector) Income distribution (change in distribution of disposable income; Government spending on research -Taxation (corporate; consumer) Monetary policy (interest rates) Demographics (age structure of the population; gender; family size and composition; changing nature of occupations) Government and industry focus on technological effort -International trade regulation Government spending (overall level; specific spending priorities) Labour / social mobility New discoveries and development -Consumer protection Policy towards unemployment (minimum wage, unemployment benefits, grants) Lifestyle changes (e.g. Home working, single households) Speed of technology transfer -Employment law Taxation (impact on consumer disposable income, incentives to invest in capital equipment, corporation tax rates) Attitudes to work and leisure -Rates of technological obsolescence -Government organisation / attitude Exchange rates (effects on demand by overseas customers; effect on cost of imported components) Education Energy use and costs -Competition regulation Inflation (effect on costs and selling prices) Fashions and fads Changes in material sciences Stage of the business cycle (effect on short-term business performance) Health welfare Impact of changes in Information technology Economic mood consumer confidence Living conditions (housing, amenities, pollution) Internet! 2.1.1 Political Efforts to reduce levels of alcohol consumption: Governments conduct promotion to change public consumption, e.g. anti-drink and drive behaviour. Associated with this is increased regulation on the nature and style of alcohol advertising. For example, it is prohibited in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Alcohol promotion has been banned on TV in France and, in the UK to reduce its influence on younger TV and radio audiences. 2.1.2 Economical Implementation of the Single European Market (SEM) enabling freedom of movement of goods and services, people and capital across national borders brought opportunities and threats to the brewing industry. It has allowed firms to invest equity to acquire full-ownership of established breweries across Europe, rather than minority holdings. At a production level, it has encouraged the location of breweries and associated logistics distribution centres to be made on cost-efficient criteria rather than regional or national obligations, enabling an international, and even global, approach to beer production. At the same time, the European logistics industry has been liberalized in the lead up to 1992 with the removal of national licenses, quotas and control within the road-transport sector, although there remains a dominantly national flavor to its provision. As yet, the unification of taxation, especially excise duties across Europe which could ease administration, is only under discussion. The difficulties of implementing the proposals are considerable. However, with the current variations in excise duties encouraging a black market, especially between the UK and France, movement is afoot to reduce the extreme variations. The publicity associated with the substantial cross-Channel movement (or bootlegging) of alcohol and tobacco products between France and the UK, with adverse repercussions for UK suppliers and tax collection for the Exchequer, has concentrated minds on finding a solution to the taxation disparities. The brewing industry relies on economies of scale in both production and distribution to be successful. The removal of trade barriers, with the chance to capitalize on economies of scale, is helping companies, especially those operating within small domestic markets. Both Heineken in the Netherlands and Carlsberg in Denmark have been obliged to internationalize as their own domestic markets are too small to provide sufficient scope for economies of scale for desirable growth. Expansion through joint venture, acquisitions and mergers, together with licensing and strategic alliance, has enabled an extension of brand franchising and complementary brands. 2.1.3 Social Provision of environmentally friendly packaging: In Germany and Denmark drinks require returnable bottles for re-cycling and, since 1995, at least 65% of packaging has had to be re-usable. In Denmark cans are banned for in-country production, although, due to European Union (EU) competition rules, import exemptions allow high imports of canned beer, from Germany in particular. These regulations incur short-term increases in the costs of packaging and distribution as new technology is introduced to meet the requirements. 2.1.4 Technological Heineken use their technology to keep detailed documents of shipping, in their warehouses to make the beer more efficiently and for shipping purposes. 2.2 SEGMENTATION TARGETING POSITIONING proceeds to segment the market, select the appropriate market target, and develop the offers value positioning. The formula segmentation, targeting, positioning (STP) is the essence of strategic marketing. (Kotler, 1994, p. 93) . The process of market segmentation can also consist of the selection of those segments for which a firm might be particularly well suited to serve by having competitive advantages relative to competitors in the segment, reducing the cost of adaptation in order to gain a niche. This application of market segmentation serves the purpose of developing competitive scope, which can have a powerful effect on competitive advantage because it shapes the configuration of the value chain. (Porter, 1985, p. 53). Segmentation is the process of identifying sets of consumers. These sets must be homogeneous, distinct, attractive and reachable. It use demographic (i.e. age), geographic (i.e. ZIP codes), and psychographic (i.e. attitudes) information to describe and separate groups. Segmentation requires the marketer to look at pools of potential customers from multiple angles to consider their areas of focus. Heineken focuses on youth in different locations. Targeting a specific segment or segments requires the evaluation of multiple segments. Choices can be hard to make and sometimes seem arbitrary. To aid the marketer, metrics for the most important criteria should be associated with each potential segment. In the end, the segment(s) with the greatest potential should be selected. Europes largest brewer, Heineken NV, is to embark on an acquisition spree and attempt to make its flagship lager brand more appealing to young consumers as increased competition and sluggish sales continue to blight its more mature beer markets. Positioning Gunter and Furnham (1992) prescribe that after selecting target markets the trategist should develop positioning objectives to then develop them into a detailed marketing mix. However, Aaker (1996) recommends developing the positioning objective only after the brand identity and value proposition have been developed. In exploring the latter, it is useful to understand Aakers definition of positioning is the part of the brand identity and value proposition that is to be actively communicated to the target audience and that demonstrates an advantage over competing brands. Kotler (1994) refers to it as the unique selling proposition. Heineken is the worlds most valuable International premium beer brand Heineken hopes to consolidate its position within the high growth Romanian beer and mineral water market by acquiring Transylvania based brewer bere mures for an as yet undisclosed fee. As of 2009, Heineken owns over 119 breweries in more than 65 countries and employs approximately 54,004 people 3.0 Global Brand Development: Since stage of beer market development in each country is different strategy should be used. In embryonic markets (Africa, Eastern Europe) pushing strategy is suitable. In growing markets (Italy, Spain, Japan) both pushing and pulling strategies are agreeable. In mature markets (North and Central Europe, Australia,USA) pulling strategy is the best. Global positioning target can be achieved through creative marketing communication. Heineken should develop a number of high-profile, quality television campaigns with universal appeal, featuring high profile, contemporary celebrities. However, within the marketing mix, there will always be a requirement for locally driven campaigns and support. By connecting to local situations, consumer will develop a greater emotional tie to the company. The term marketing mix refers to the primary elements that must be attended to in order to properly market a product or service. Also known as The 4 Ps of Marketing, the marketing mix is a very useful, if a bit general, guideline for understanding the fundamentals of what makes a good marketing campaign. Product product refers to products or services. The product or service that offer the needs to meet a specific, existing market demand. Or, product should be able to create a market niche through building a strong brand. Heineken maintains it beer quality and special taste Price: The price that set for Heineken product or service plays a large role in its marketability. Though Heineken has many competitors Heineken maintains its quality and price. It changes it price according to the situation and location. Place: Heineken has huge marketing in Ireland and Netherlands. Compare to other brands Heineken is not available in all retails stores frequently. Promotion: Heineken has quickly recognised that consumers are increasing seeking value and positivity in the current recessionary environment. 3.1 Market entry Heineken has a pragmatic view taking a cautious approach to entering new markets. While it encourages organic growth, it has expanded by using a combination of direct export, licensing, joint venture, strategic alliance and acquisition. While it exports its premium Heineken brand from its plant in Amsterdam in the Netherlands, it is also involved in local regional production. A typical entry strategy has been to begin by exporting using intermediaries such as local distributors, and then to develop licensing production agreements through joint ventures with local brewers. Ultimately, the goal is to acquire full ownership and control of the local production wherever possible. The Netherlands Heineken has been the dominant market leader in its home base in the Netherlands having 53% of the market in 1991, well above its competitors Grolsch (15%) and the 15% taken by Interbrews subsidiary Verenigde Brouwerijen. Unfortunately, the Heineken brand market share, 45% in 1980, itself dropped to only 30% in 1991. In response Heineken introduced the Amstel and Buckler brands, the latter being the first non-alcoholic beer available on draft. Uk In the 1960s, when Heineken entered the UK, the beer-drinking public was not familiar with the strong beer being drunk in other European countries. Consequently, it made a licensing arrangement with Whitbread to brew a weaker version of standard Heineken brand (3.6% alcohol by volume (abv) ) that proved popular with lager drinkers. By 1990, about 10% of all lager drunk in the UK carried the Heineken brand. As beer drinkers became increasingly familiar with the continental brands, the Heineken Export Strength (5.0% abv) was introduced which Whitbread also brewed under licence. In 1993, the UK was the second largest market for beer in Europe, consuming 224 pints per head of population, although that level dropped to 218 pints per head in 2002 (Tighe, 2003). The pattern of consumption is different from the rest of Europe with more than 80% being drunk in pubs, many of which are linked, or tied, to breweries. Heinekens route was through access to Whitbreads distribution network through a licensing agreement. Interestingly, these ties were broken in the early 1990s when the Conservative government introduced legislation to increase competition. This obliged Bass to dispose of its 7,500 pubs most of which were expected to become independent small businesses. In practice, most were acquired by Pubmaster which currently owns 8,500 pubs, reflecting the continued concentration of ownership within the brewing distribution network. Ireland In 1993, Guinness and Heineken dominated in Ireland with a combined market share of about 85%. From the 1970s the Heineken brand was produced under licence until Heineken acquired its own production site in 1983. Murphys stout was a particular success story, becoming the number two brand of stout (behind Guinness) in both Ireland and the UK; by 1993 it was also being sold in the US and France. Italy Heineken entered the Italian market in 1960 when it acquired a minority stake in a small brewer. This was extended in 1974 when Heineken and Whitbread each bought a 42% holding in the company, renamed Birra Dreher. By 1980, Heineken was the sole owner of Dreher having acquired Whitbreads 42% share. Mergers with two former Henniger breweries strengthened Dreher so that, by 1993, it had a 25% share of the Italian market behind the market leader Peroni with about 40%. Despite the decline in the Italian beer market being more severe than in other European markets, Dreher maintained its margins although its market share fell. The Heineken brand retained its position, while its Buckler brand benefited from the increasing growth of the non-alcoholic segment. As in other countries, Heineken, in this case through Dreher, increased its control of the distribution network by purchasing a number of drinks wholesalers. In 1991, Heineken began importing its other Heineken brands into Italy to prov ide more effectively for the premium beer segment. Greece In 1965, Heineken entered a joint venture agreement for Athenian Brewery to produce the Amstel brand. By 2002, it had 98.8% ownership and a dominant 70% or so of the Greek market. This enabled it to strengthen its own Heineken and Amstel brands, and to import its associated Dreher and Coors beers. Heineken still dominates the Greek market. France In 1982, Heineken acquired Albra, which had an 8% market share and owned two breweries in France. In 1984, Albra was merged with Brasseries et Glacieres International to form the Sogebra group which in 1993 had 25% of the beer market, challenging the market leader, BSN Kronenbourg (50%). With the successful re-organisation of the Sogebra group, Heinekens fortunes continued to improve. However, the poor economic climate of the early 1990s, together with the increased competition for limited shelf space among retailers, has been challenging. Spain In 1984, as Spain was preparing to join the EU, Heineken purchased 37% of the local El Aguila brewer and increased its holding to a 51% controlling interest by 1993. El Aguila suffered from outdated production techniques and poor branding which necessitated investment in production and some re-structuring with resulting labour redundancies and short-term losses. The Aguila Pilsner brand was positioned for the standard market segment and a new Adlerbrau brand was introduced targeted towards the premium segment; Adlerbrau was then itself replaced by Aguila Master. Spain was a challenging market where many small family breweries operated within a federal infrastructure so hindering the implementation of economies of scale. Nevertheless, the Spanish market was attractive, with beer consumption the third highest in the EU, and increasing from 51 litres per capita in 1978 to 71 litres in 1989. Not surprisingly, by 1991 other companies were intent on acquiring a slice of the market through similar joint venture arrangements. They included Guinness/Carlsberg (Cruzcampo), the French group BSN (Mahou) and San Miguel Philippines (San Miguel). 4.0 Heineken SWOT Analysis Heineken SWOT Analysis company profile is the essential source for top-level company data and information. Heineken SWOT Analysis examines the companys key business structure and operations, history and products, and provides summary analysis of its key revenue lines and strategy. 4.1 Strengths The taste of Heineken beer is unique. The yeast that is used to make Heineken beer till today is developed in 1886.so the taste uniqueness of it has been there for a hundred years Heineken is the worlds second largest beer manufacturer.They produce 5.6 billionl liters of beer each year. second only to anheuser busch who produce 10 billion ltrs . This gives economics of scale and a platform for futher expansion of their market capitalization. In some markets like U.S.A and Hong Kong the Heineken brand is perceived as a premium brand and has successfully established a brand image. Heineken has owned subsidiaries in Netherland, France and Ireland whereas they held majority stake in 15 other breweries all over the world.Which gives Heineken a global presence. 4.2 Weaknesses Insome countries the brand image of Heineken was too narrow such that the brand was seen appropriate for special occasions only, While in other countries like Latin America the brand is viewed just another imported European beer .In Netherlands It was viewed as a mainstream brand. The company has limited its reach to the European and the Western countries and there still lies a scope for scaling up in countries like India where the beer is just imported and thus making it impossible to penetrate deep down No production base in some area and TV commercials are just aired in larger markets Lack of integrated marketing campaign Lack of worldwide advertising campaign 4.3 Threats Increase in drunk driving laws Competitors increasing market share Mergers and acquisitions of other breweries Other Breweries are becoming much larger than Heinekens Brewery 5.0 Recommendation to achieve the global brand Introduce a number of innovations across liquid, packaging and format that will serve to further endorse international leadership credentials because innovation is the lifeblood of brand domain. Heineken has a strong brand tradition. In order to flourish its  brand reputation  across the world, convince the consumers that the brand is some way superior. Develop a relationship with customers, build  affinity  between brand and customers bysponsoring international rugby tournaments, and world soccer tournament such as -( the Champions Leagues, the UEFA Champions League,  worlds premier club) where target audience of men from all over the world gather in one place. Building the brand  recognition  for long-term  to differentiate the brand Heineken and be sure to add value to the product in order to get the brand loyalty. (For example, Heineken can maintain its good quality or create benefits for society and culture, and provide an emotion to its consumers. 6.0 Strategies Macro analysis Heineken has been able to remain one of the worlds leading consumer and corporate brands for more than 130 years. It confronts directly the challenges in many of our markets to deliver organic profit growth, but also focuses on building the long-term future of our brands and business. 6.1.1 Current strategies Key focus is on driving the growth of our brands and improving our financial performance on ensuring that acquisitions, partnerships and distribution strategies create value. The focus is also on enabling our employees to use their potential and building a true performance based culture. Heineken aims for sustainable growth as a broad market leader and  we aim for segment leadership. In both cases, the Heineken brand plays an important part. We establish broad leadership usually by acquiring strong brands, which are combined into a new, larger company. Offering training to the employees, improving the organization, and introducing new technology then reinforces the positions of the local beers. This results in economies of scale that create a distribution network for both the local beers and Heineken beer. If a market is already in the hands of other brewers, we devote all our energy to developing a premium segment with Heineken beer, and if feasible, specialty beers. The goal of Heineken is to grow the business in a sustainable and consistent manner, while constantly improving profitability. The  four priorities for action include:   To accelerate sustainable top-line growth. To accelerate efficiency and cost reduction. To speed up implementation: we commit to faster decision making and execution.   To focus on those markets where we believe we can win. 6.1.2 Failures in strategies Heineken: Declining sales volumes now should explore new Strategies. An expected drop in revenues for Heineken has been more than cancelled out through cost-cutting measures and a shrewd pricing strategy. While beer volumes have suffered during the recession, this can be seen as the continuation of a more established trend. Plant closures have helped Heineken to reduce costs, but future profits will need to be driven by alternative methods. Heineken has revised its profit forecast for 2009 and now expects low double-digit growth for the year overall. The third largest brewer in the world reported a 4.7% decline in volume sales, but strong cost-cutting measures and a sound pricing strategy have allowed the company to further grow its profits. Beer v olumes have been badly hit by the recession, but this is largely a continuation of a longer and more established trend in established markets. The category has lost significant custom to the wine and spirits segments in recent years, as beer has garnered a particularly unhealthy reputation. Consumers beer preferences were once widely predicted to enjoy Resistance to the recession, but this has not proved to be the case and many consumers have switched to cheaper brands, with notable gains seen in the private-label beer market. Heineken has been able to drive profits through an array of cost-cutting measures. A number of plants were closed after Heinekens purchase of Scottish Newcastle. This acquisition gave the company the largest share of the European beer market, which allowed the undertaking of consolidation through the plant closures. Heineken has also increased prices, which has helped to offset some of the volume declines. Price rises in the beer category have become commonplace, but the company has ensured that its prices remain competitive without compromising the integrity of the brand. The expected results from Heineken demonstrate the possibilities that still exist during a recession. Cost-cutting measures have improved profits and will leave the company in a stronger position during a recovery. However, reducing costs can only fuel profit growth for a finite length of time, and the company must ensure that it continues to grow its business in developing markets while consolidating in the established markets of Europe and the US. 6.1.3 Implementations: The basic strategies of Heineken is to capture the local market. By merging with local firms Heineken has started capturing local market. Merger and acquisitions seems very good at for the present situation but according to servey (Dg internal market and services , 2005). 7.0 Recommendations: Heineken is one of the strongest products in the market and is dedicated to grow and remain independent, made by Heineken International since 1873. From the above repost accomplished that from macro analysis, there are positive conditions in Europe to increase profitability of Heineken. There are number of other steps in marketing plans can improve sale of Heineken. The Heineken brand can be developed through the distinctive characteristics of the marketing communication mix: multiple form of marketing communications are needed to communicated the value benefits of a product or market offering to larger and larger numbers of actual and potential consumers The value benefits of a product or marketing offering is communicated to the target market through three modes: marketing communication mix, mass marketing forms of communication , personal marketing forms of communication Creating strong associations and responses in the consumers mind: creating awareness of the brand, establishing the brand image brand judgments and feeling , and creating strong consumer-brand connect By designing a marketing communication strategy that delivers a consistent message that aims at informing, persuading, and reminding consumers- directly or indirectly about the products and brand for sale in the market segment It should focus on the markets that are in the embryonic stage and also on the developing markets and one of the being India, Heineken still has not penetrated India and the beer that is available in through imports. Company does not have fixed group that looks into marketing communication mix They should go like When in Rome, do as the Romans do that signifies that the communication mix should be different from country to country, and it should be significantly referring to the personalization of the masses representing the target population of a particular. It should keep learning from what happened to other brands that entered into foreign markets and did not do well and they should learn from their failures

Troys Battle with Anger in August Wilsons Fences Essays -- August Wi

Troy's Battle with Anger in August Wilson's Fences Conflicts and tensions between family members and friends are key elements in August Wilson's play, Fences. The main character, Troy Maxon, has struggled his whole life to be a responsible person and fulfill his duties in any role that he is meant to play. In turn, however, he has created conflict through his forbidding manner. The author illustrates how the effects of Troy's stern upbringing cause him to pass along a legacy of bitterness and anger which creates tension and conflict in his relationships with his family. Troy?s relationship with his father was one, which produced much tension, and had a strong influence on Troy?s relationships with his loved ones as an adult. He had very little respect for his father because his father did not, in Troy?s mind, make his family a priority. At an early age, Troy?s father beat him ?like there was no tomorrow? because he caught Troy getting ?cozy? with a girl (549; I,4). Troy said that ?right there is where [he became] a man? (549; I,4). It was at that moment that Troy made the decision to free himself from his father?s power. Despite the fact that he did eventually escape his father?s wrath, the struggle with his father?s aggressive behavior and lack of love resulted in a coldness that resided in Troy?s heart toward life and love. His father did not care about his children; children were there to work for the food that he ate first. Troy describes his feelings toward his father by saying, ?Sometimes I wish I hadn?t known my daddy. He ain?t cared not hing about no kids. A kid to him wasn?t nothing. All he wanted was for you to learn how to walk so he could start you to working? (548; I,4). Although Troy had very little respect for his father and vowed to be nothing like him, many of his father?s harsh personality traits show up in his own personality. Despite Troy?s continuous attempts to push himself away from anything he had ever known about his father, the inheritance of such irrational behavior was inevitable because it was all he had ever known. The inheritance of this angry behavior was, in turn, the cause of his damaging relationships with his own family. Just as Troy endured his father?s cruel ways, Troy?s family is left with no choice but to try to learn to live with his similar ways. Troy?s family is one that strives to maintai... ...y as a responsible person. He overlooks Cory?s efforts to please him and make a career for his son, learned from his past with his own father, is responsible for the tension that builds between him and Cory. This tension will eventually be the cause of the lost relationship that is identical to the lost relationship that is identical to the lost relationship between Troy and his father. Troy?s damaging relationship with his father had a dual effect in his life. It created a conscious awareness of how not to conduct his life and built fences, which inevitably recreated his father in his personality. These fences shaped and formed his relationships with his son. Due to his conscious efforts to not become what he did hold that were his father?s. The narrowness of his thoughts and ideas about life made him an almost impossible person with whom to have a relationship. These flaws permanently changed the lives of the people around him and built barriers which were too solid to ever be broken. Works Cited Wilson, August. Fences. New Worlds of Literature: Writings from America?s Many Cultures. 2nd ed. Jerome Beauty and J. Paul Hunter. New York: Norton, 1994. 522-575.

Promote equality and diversity in work with children and young people Essay

These were put into place to ensure that all organisations and agencies involved with children between birth and 19 years should work together ensure that children have the support needed to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and ahieve economic well-being. The key aspect of the Act was to overhaul child protection and chilren’s services in the UK. Every Child Matters has been futher developed through the publication of the Children’s Plan 2007 which sets out to improve educational outcomes for all children. Race Relations Act 1976 and 2000 This places a statutory duty on schools to promote race equality. It makes it against the law for a person to be discriminated against, whether directly or indirectly. Schools are expected to improve the educational achievements of all children and to promote equal opportunities and good relations between different racial groups. Schools are also required to have a race equality policy which is linked to an action plan. Disability Discrimintaion Act 1995 and 2005 This made it illegal for services (shops and employers) to discriminate against disabled people. According to this Act, a person has a disability if ‘he /or she/ has a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his /or her/ ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities’. Now it is a statutory requirement to encourage the inclusion of children with disabilities into mainstream schools. The Disability and Discrimination Act 2005 builds on the 1995 Act by requiring all schools to produce a Disability Equality Scheme. This must set out ways that schools promote equality of opportunity and promote positive attitudes towards pupils, staff and others who are disabled. Also, there must be an Accessibility Plan in place which identifies how th school will increase access to the curriculum improve the physical environment and provide information in a range of ways to meet the needs of individuals with diability. SEN Code of Practice 2001 The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 strengthened the rights of parents and SEN children to mainstream education. It made significant changes to the educational opportunities that are available to children with disabilities and special educational needs. Human Rights Act 1998 The United Nations first set a standard on human rights in 1948 with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1998 the Human Rights Act gave a further legal status to this. The basic human rights are: the right to life freedom from torture and degrading treatment freedom from slavery and forced labour the right to liberty the right to fair trial the right not to be punished for something that wasn’t a crime when you did it the right to respect for private and family life freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and freedom to express your beliefs freedom of expression freedom of assembly and association the right to marry and to start a family the right not to be discriminated against in respect t of these rights and freedoms the right to peaceful enjoyment of your property the right to an education the right to participate in free elections the right not to be subjected to the death penalty. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 The UK signed this legally binding agreement in 1990. It leads on from the Human Rights Act and sets out the rights of all children to be treated equally and fairly and without discrimination. 1.2 The imprtance of promotiong the rights to participation and equality of access All pupils should be able to fully access all areas of the curriculum. The advent of the Every Child Matters framework and the focus on personalised learning in all sectors of education has also made this high on the agenda. The reasons for this are: Human rights: – all children have a right to learn and play together – children should not be discriminated against for any reason – inclusion is concerned with improving schools for staff as well as pupils Equal opportunities in education: – children and young people do better in inclusive settings, both academically and socially – children and young people should not need to be separated to achieve adequate educational provision – inclusive education is a more efficient use of educational resources Social opportunities: – inclusion in education is one aspect of inclusion in society – children need to be involved and integrated with all of their peers. We always have to be aware of the needs of different pupils, whatever these may be. These may become more apparent as we get to know individual pupils. These who may be vulnerable could include pupils: – pupils with special educational needs – those who speak English as an additional language – who are new to the school – pupils are gifted and talented – whose culture or ethnicity is different from the predominant cultture of the school – who are in foster care – whose parents’ views are not consistent with those of the school. 1.3The importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity All schools must be aware of the importance of valuing and promoting cultural diversity. Most schools are actively include a number of strategies to ensure that children from all cultures feel welcome in school. These may be: – words are displayed in a variety of languages in classrooms and in different areas of the school – other languages spoken in different lessons or during registration – themed days, festivals and celebrations from other cultures discussed and explored – representations from other cultures found in books and learning resources, and displayes around the school – parents involved in ‘finding out’ sessions with children. These will have a number of benefits for children and young people – mainly that they will grow up in an environment which values cultural diversity and enables us to learn from one another. If children and young adults are finding out about other cultures and belief systems from an early age, they become more open and accepting towards each other. Children from all backgrounds need to know that the culture and status is valued as this helps them to feel settled and secure. This in turn contributes to the being able to learn. If they feel isolated or anxious, it is more likely that learning will be difficult for them. Outcome 2Pudersant the importance of prejudice and discrimination on children and young people 2.1Ways in which children and young people can experience prejudice and discrimination There are many ways in which children can experience prejudice and discrimination in school. There is a big pressure on children to fit in and to conform with expected appearances and behaviour that they may be discriminated against and bullied that they may be discriminated against and bullied if they do not. In school, all staff needs to be vigilant to ensure that children respect and embrace diversity. Children can experience prejudice and discrimination in the sam way as adults due to race, religion, age, sex, culture or ethnicity. We can focus on: – comments about a child’s appearance or clothes – children not interacting with others who may be ‘different’ – children being excluded because they are boys or girls – children only socialising with otrs of the same race or ethnicity. 2.5How to challange discrimination Whenever we witness discriminatory behaviour and comments, we have to challenge, record and report the incident. Children sometimes say things without understanding the impact on others, also the consequences. It should be made clear to them that their comments are not acceptable and that everyone in school should be treated fairly and with respect. Outcome 3Support inclusion and inclusive practices in work with children and young people 3.1What is meant by inclusion and inclusive practices Pupils are all have an equal right to education and learning. Equal opportunities and inclusion should take account not only of access to provision on school premises, but also to facilities outside the school setting. All organisations that offer educational provision must by law ensure that all pupils have access to a broad and balanced curriculum. The school should ensure that inclusive practices are a matter of coures within day-to-day provision and that any barriers to inclusion are identified and removed.